Chlamydia in women: symptoms, signs, drugs for treatment. Chlamydia in women: symptoms. How to treat chlamydia in women? Tests for chlamydia in women Treatment of chlamydia in women, checking effectiveness

Chlamydia is an absolute pathogen for humans; normally it should not be present in the body. This bacterium has several varieties. In this case, we are most interested in chlamydia trachomatis. In women and men, it causes such a common infection as urogenital chlamydia. Other varieties of the microorganism infect animals.

Pathogen morphology

Routes of infection

Predominantly a pathogen in both genital and anal sexual intercourse. It is difficult to say about the extent of the spread of the microorganism during oral sex. Do you know why chlamydia is so common in women? The reasons for rapid infection are as follows:

1) bacteria are able to contaminate sperm, that is, attach to them, and due to this rapidly disseminate (spread) throughout all parts of the reproductive system;

2) for infection, only one sexual act unprotected by contraception is sufficient.

When kissing mouth-to-mouth, provided there is no sperm in the mouth and on the lips, as well as when kissing the skin (hands, cheeks, forehead, body, etc.), chlamydia is not transmitted.

Pregnant women infected with a microorganism have a reasonable question: “Is chlamydia dangerous in an “interesting” position?” The answer is disappointing. There is a risk of transmitting the disease to the child: transplacentally (during gestation through the placenta) and intrapartum (during childbirth during the passage of the fetus). This is fraught with serious consequences for the baby: he may develop pneumonia or conjunctivitis.

Note that chlamydia can be acquired not only through sexual intercourse, but also through domestic means. How do chlamydia detect their presence in this case? Symptoms in women with such infection will be the same as in the case of infection through sexual contact, because, as already noted, bacteria spread very quickly throughout the body. However, the likelihood of contracting an infection through skin contact, shaking hands, sharing household items, and even through petting is extremely low.

Development of chlamydia

The mucous membrane of the cervical canal most often becomes the initial focus where chlamydia spreads. Women have no symptoms during this period. Bacteria attach to cells, penetrate them, multiply inside, and then leave the elementary units, not forgetting to destroy their membranes. the average is twenty to thirty days. At this time, it is not possible to detect chlamydia.

Destroyed cells of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal begin to secrete cytokines, due to which blood flow increases, membrane permeability increases and the migration of lymphocytes into the tissue increases. As a result, an inflammatory focus is formed. From it, microorganisms are sent to the nearest lymph nodes through the lymphatic vessels, and then spread throughout the body. It is believed that chlamydia can be present in absolutely any tissues and organs. In women, symptoms may therefore vary. The area of ​​the cervix, urethra, eyes, and joints is mainly affected. Indeed, these are favorite places for pathogens.

How does it react to bacteria?

Depending on various factors, immune activity may vary. Thus, it decreases five to seven days before menstruation, when taking oral contraceptives, with insufficient sleep, a state of internal dissatisfaction, fatigue after work or physical training. Such conditions help the primary chronicization of pathogens.

It is not always caused in women. Treatment is sometimes carried out incorrectly because the infection is mistaken for some other pathology of the urethra. Typically, the lesion begins from the cervix, then can go directly to the uterus, and then spreads through the fallopian tubes to the peritoneum and ovaries. There are cases of infection with bacteria in the rectum. An acute reaction to inflammation was rare.

Chlamydia in women: symptoms

Urogenital chlamydia has no specific manifestations. Most often it occurs hidden, in this case there are no signs. Chlamydia in women, unfortunately, “sleeps” in seventy percent of cases. As a result, the disease is diagnosed late and treatment begins untimely. Still, doctors sometimes recognize symptoms that suggest the presence of pathogens in the body.

So, how does chlamydia manifest in women? Firstly, you may feel, secondly, the process of urination itself may become painful (but only slightly), thirdly, you may notice mucopurulent discharge from the vagina. In addition, heaviness and pain in the lumbar region, severe wetness in the genitals, erosive damage to the cervix, nagging pain in the lower abdomen, disruptions in the menstrual cycle and frequent urge to urinate are often observed. There are other signs too. Chlamydia in women can provoke general malaise, fever, and the development of conjunctivitis (if the eyes were involved in the infection process).

Chlamydia in pregnant women

As already mentioned, an infected mother, depending on the source of inflammation, can transmit the infection to the child either during childbirth or in utero. During pregnancy, the disease also does not manifest itself, although some women experience inflammation or complications. But complications can be very serious. The presence of chlamydia in the body can lead to ectopic pregnancy, early miscarriage, polyhydramnios, and fetal hypoxia. If bacteria infect the placenta, the baby's breathing and nutrition are disrupted.

Chlamydia can cause many problems even after childbirth. Infected children suffer from heart and vascular diseases, pathologies of the respiratory tract, nervous system, and intestines. In addition, they become regular patients of the ophthalmologist. It also happens that parents have been trying to cope with their child’s poor eyesight for a long time, but they cannot even imagine where the true cause of such an illness lies. Cases have been recorded where family members of two or even three generations became infected with chlamydia from each other in different ways, even through ordinary towels and washcloths. And this is already fraught with infertility in children.

Diagnosis of the disease

If bacteria is detected in one of the partners, both should be tested. women are taken after collecting anamnesis: information is found out about the presence of chronic inflammation of the genital organs, cases of miscarriage, infertility, inflammation of the partner’s genitourinary tract, and pathological pregnancy in the past. Also, the gynecologist must examine the woman’s genital organs to detect manifestations of the inflammatory process, for example, hyperemia, swelling, and discharge.

If, during the collection of anamnesis and examination of the patient, signs of a urogenital infection were identified, and in the past there have been miscarriages, pregnancy pathologies, infertility, or it turns out that the partner suffers from urogenital inflammation, then a comprehensive examination is prescribed. It includes general blood and urine tests, bacterioscopic analysis of vaginal discharge (smear), culture for dysbacteriosis and determination of susceptibility to antibiotics, as well as PCR diagnostics (smear from the affected area of ​​the genital mucosa).

Chlamydia is diagnosed if antibodies to chlamydia are detected in the blood, and the bacteria themselves are detected in a smear taken from the affected area. Sowing is intended to identify the microflora accompanying chlamydia. It is also recommended, for a general assessment of the clinical picture, to conduct tests for mycoplasma, HIV, ureaplasma, hepatitis and other infections that can be transmitted during sexual contact.

PCR analysis

This is the most sensitive test for chlamydia. PCR is a time-tested molecular diagnostic method. The analysis makes it possible to detect pathogenic flora, even if the sample contains only a couple of chlamydia DNA molecules. When carried out correctly, the accuracy of the study reaches one hundred percent. The presence of microorganisms can be detected even when they exist in a latent form. This allows you to start treatment earlier.

Chlamydia in women, however, can be misdiagnosed. PCR analysis, for all its advantages, does not always give correct results. The fact is that if the material sample is contaminated or if the study was carried out after a course of chlamydia therapy, false positive results may be obtained. But that's not so bad. It’s worse when the test is false negative: bacteria actually present in the body are not detected, and as a result, treatment is not carried out.

Chlamydia may not be detected in women if:

• unsuccessfully collected material for research;
• less than a month before the test, the patient took antibiotics active against pathogens or used suppositories:
• urinated less than an hour before collecting material for research.

Also, PCR diagnostics can show a negative result if the inflammatory process is localized in the deep parts of the reproductive system (fallopian tubes, ovaries). In this case, the sample will not contain the genome of the microorganism.

Based on all that has been said, we can conclude that one cannot limit oneself to PCR analysis and make a diagnosis solely on its basis. It is recommended to combine various research methods, and if the results are questionable, repeat the examination. It is necessary not only to determine the pathogen itself, but also to evaluate the immune response (the body's reaction) using serological tests, for example, ELISA.

Chlamydia in women: treatment, medications

After diagnostic measures are carried out and the diagnosis is confirmed, a course of therapy is prescribed. Be patient, because treating chlamydia in women is quite difficult. These microorganisms, unlike other pathogenic bacteria, are very difficult to treat. Pathogens are able to adapt to the effects of medications or completely hide from drugs. But doctors still know how to cure chlamydia in women. And the sooner therapy is started, the lower the risk of complications. Under no circumstances should the infection be allowed to become chronic.

The course of therapy is prescribed only by a specialist. Don't self-medicate! Chlamydia trachomatis can easily go into the deep cells, then complications cannot be avoided. Among themselves, doctors call chlamydia a disease of young people, because the age of those infected usually varies from seventeen to thirty-five years. Incorrect therapy is fraught with terrible consequences for very young women: infertility, intrauterine infection, loss of ability to work. Such an outcome can ruin the life of any girl. Therefore, undergo regular examinations if there is a reason for it, and do not hesitate to consult a specialist if inflammation of the genital organs is detected.

Combination therapy

For each patient, the doctor individually selects a treatment regimen. But treatment should always be combined. First, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed. Among such drugs are Tetracycline, Sulfanilamide, Penicillin, Azithromycin. Secondly, therapy is carried out aimed at maintaining immunity during the period of illness and easing its course. For this, immunostimulants are used, for example, Cycloferon is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In addition, the patient must follow an appropriate diet: eat rationally and properly, take multivitamins, and completely stop drinking alcoholic beverages. Experts in some cases recommend laser irradiation of blood. This procedure can increase the effectiveness of antibiotics taken and have a beneficial effect on the immune system.

Consequences of the disease

As we have already said, if you consult a doctor in a timely manner, complications can be avoided. However, due to the fact that chlamydia is often asymptomatic, advanced disease is not at all uncommon. What threatens a woman who does not start treatment on time? A whole bunch of different ailments:

1. Cervicitis is an inflammatory process in the cervix.
2. Hemorrhagic cystitis - develops when bacteria penetrate the walls of the bladder.
3. Urethritis is an inflammatory process in the urethra.
4. Endometritis is an inflammatory process in the endometrium of the uterus.
5. Inflammation of the Bartholin glands lining the entrance to the vagina.
6. All kinds of inflammatory pathologies of the pelvic organs (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes).
7. Obstruction of the fallopian tubes.
8. The appearance of chronic pain in the pelvic organs.
9. Inflammatory process in the liver.
10. Infertility.

Complications that may occur in pregnant women include:

Prevention of chlamydia

As you probably already understood from the material presented, the penetration of chlamydia into the body leads to many health problems. We all know the truism that it is easier to prevent a disease than to cure it. Without a doubt this is true. What should you do to protect yourself from such an unpleasant and dangerous disease?

Firstly, you need to have a permanent sexual partner whose health you have no doubt about. Secondly, it is necessary to abandon casual sexual contacts with different men. Many people ask: “Why deprive yourself of pleasure, because you can protect yourself?” Of course, using contraception will reduce the risk of infection, but will not completely protect against it. Unfortunately, today there are no contraceptives that provide a 100% guarantee of protection against infection with any disease. Also, do not forget to regularly visit a specialist and undergo routine examinations. And, of course, follow all personal hygiene instructions: use only your own towel and washcloth; If you do not live alone, treat the bathtub before washing.

Chlamydia is a dangerous and common infectious disease. It can affect people of different ages and genders, but most often it affects young people. And this is not surprising, because in most cases the disease is transmitted sexually.

Why is the disease dangerous for women?

Many women do not even suspect that they are sick, because the disease is often asymptomatic. There are no exact statistics on the incidence of chlamydia. However, this disease is much more common compared to other sexually transmitted diseases.

According to various estimates, the number of women diagnosed with this disease ranges from 8% to 40%, and their total number on Earth is about 1 billion. Therefore, the chance of becoming infected with chlamydia is very high. And, therefore, it is necessary to know well what it is - chlamydia, its main symptoms, how chlamydia manifests itself in women, and how to treat chlamydia in women.

Description of the disease

Bacteria, however, can live in the extracellular space. When chlamydia enters a living cell, they acquire the ability to divide, increase in size and turn into the so-called reticular form. In this form, chlamydia multiplies. After the formation of new bacterial cells, they leave the host cell, and it dies. This whole process takes 2-3 days. And the bacteria, in turn, go in search of new victim cells. As the disease develops, it takes on a chronic form, and bacteria invade not only the lower, but also the upper parts of the genitourinary system.

Chlamydia is quite resistant to adverse effects and can exist in room conditions for up to two days. The incubation period for chlamydia is 2 to 4 weeks.

The main method of infection is considered to be sexual. In this case, infection with chlamydia can occur both during vaginal and anal sex, as well as through oral contact. In addition, some scientists are inclined to believe that bacteria can be transmitted through household means, through the use of shared objects, but this does not happen often. Another way of transmitting the bacilli is from mother to newborn baby. It is not yet clear whether chlamydia can enter the child’s body directly through the placenta. However, it has been proven that a mother with chlamydia can become infected with the fetus. A common route of infection is the birth process, in which the child passes through the mother's birth canal infected with chlamydia. Usually, the child develops chlamydial conjunctivitis (in 50% of cases). Pneumonia can occur somewhat less frequently, but it carries an even greater danger.

Contrary to popular belief, chlamydia, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is not airborne. Although there is such a disease as chlamydial pneumonia or respiratory chlamydia, caused by another type of chlamydia and which can be transmitted in a similar way.

It is also quite difficult to become infected through kissing, since for this to happen, there must be a very high concentration of bacteria in the partner’s oral cavity, which occurs only in advanced forms of systemic chlamydia.

Symptoms of chlamydia in women

When microorganisms enter the body, at first the symptoms may be subtle or not noticeable at all. This feature is more typical for women than for men. In women, chlamydia occurs in a similar way in 70% of cases.

Signs of chlamydia may include fever. This usually happens soon after infection. The temperature rises to subfebrile levels - +37-37.5ºС, fatigue and weakness may appear. However, the temperature may subsequently drop to normal values.

With chlamydia, symptoms are usually associated with the condition of the genitourinary organs. The cervix, fallopian tubes, appendages, endometrium, Bartholin's glands, urethra, vagina and bladder - this is an incomplete list of objects that chlamydia affects. This leads to inflammation of the genitourinary organs, or more precisely, their mucous membranes. Chlamydia can also lead to the formation of adhesions in the abdominal cavity, which can lead to infertility.

Signs of chlamydia may include slight nagging pain in the lower abdomen, itching, burning, pain when urinating, a feeling of increased moisture in the genital area, frequent urination, menstrual irregularities, and lower back pain. However, many women are not inclined to pay attention to these symptoms or associate them with some other reasons.

But one of the main symptoms of chlamydia is the appearance of unusual discharge from the genitals. Discharge from chlamydia has an abnormal appearance. They usually have a whitish or yellow color, a mucopurulent consistency and an unpleasant odor.

Consequences of chlamydia

However, chlamydia is much more dangerous than it seems at first glance. Chlamydia can have a number of unpleasant complications. As it develops, chlamydia can also affect other tissues of the body - teeth, joints, eyes and even the heart. Female representatives infected with chlamydia are characterized by Reiter's syndrome, in which arthritis, conctivitis and inflammation of the vagina are observed.

There is a risk of severe damage to the urinary system - urethritis, purulent cystitis, narrowing of the urethra. Against the background of chlamydia, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome can also occur, which is characterized by simultaneous inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) and the liver capsule.

But chlamydia is most dangerous for pregnant women. The infection can cause pregnancy complications, including ectopic pregnancy, polyhydramnios, and lead to early miscarriage or missed abortion. Chlamydia can also provoke such phenomena as premature birth and prematurity of the fetus.

If the child is nevertheless born at the appropriate time, then due to infection with bacteria (in the womb or during childbirth), he may develop inflammatory diseases such as conjunctivitis and otitis media. In the future, the presence of bacteria in the child’s body can lead to problems with the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and the gastrointestinal tract. For girls, infection in infancy threatens further infertility.

Serious complications of chlamydia are cervicitis - inflammation of the cervix, cervical cancer and endometriosis - damage to the lining of the uterus. They can lead to further infertility.

For these reasons, treatment should not be delayed, since the disease is more easily treated at an early stage.

Diagnosis of chlamydia

If there are signs of chlamydia, even if there is only a suspicion of the disease, you should consult a doctor. To identify an infection, a number of diagnostic measures are required. First of all, this is a visual examination by a gynecologist. It will help identify lesions of the mucous membranes of the genital organs and pathology of the cervix that are characteristic of infectious diseases.

Also informative is the analysis of the patient’s medical history and the presence of gynecological problems in her past. There are several diseases in which there is significant reason to suspect chlamydia:

• infertility (for a year or more),
• cervicitis,
• complicated pregnancy (polyhydramnios, delayed fetal development, threatened miscarriage).

If such problems are detected, even if a smear for bacteria from the vagina does not show the presence of pathogenic microflora, the patient must undergo a thorough examination. Practice shows that the probability of identifying a pathogen is quite high - about 80%.

In patients, it is not always easy to determine that the causative agent is Chlamydia Trachomatis and not some other microorganism. In particular, discharge with chlamydia is similar to those observed with other diseases - herpes, gonorrhea, etc. However, there are methods that make identifying the pathogen possible.
The most accurate test for detecting chlamydia using particles of bacterial DNA molecules is a test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). If the patient has a pathogen, it gives almost one hundred percent results. Other types of studies can also be carried out, for example, fluorescent detection of pathogens (immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The probability of detecting bacteria with this method is 50%.

A culture of bacteria in a nutrient medium is also carried out (the probability of detecting a pathogen is 70%) and a search for antibodies in the blood - a serological test. A vaginal smear can also detect chlamydial infection. However, with this method the probability of detecting bacteria is low and amounts to 15%.

In addition, ultrasound can be used, which reveals changes in the tissues of the reproductive organs characteristic of chlamydia. The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chances of successfully curing the disease.

Treatment of chlamydia in women

Treatment of chlamydia is a complex process. The main method is therapy with antibacterial agents. Fortunately, the pathogen has a fairly high sensitivity to many antibiotics. But not to everyone. In addition, when treating with antibiotics, it is necessary not only to choose the right type of drug, but also to determine its correct dosage, take into account the patient’s immune system, her concomitant diseases, including the possible presence of other sexually transmitted infections. A comprehensive analysis of these factors is not an easy task. Therefore, self-treatment of chlamydial infection with antibiotics is unacceptable. It can lead to a deterioration in the patient’s condition and to the fact that the disease becomes chronic and intractable.

During therapy, drugs from the group of macrolides (azithromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin, spiramycin), penicillins (ampicillin) and tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline) are usually used. Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin) are used as reserve drugs used when standard drugs are ineffective. Usually, if bacteria are resistant to one drug, then drugs from another group of antibiotics are used.

In particular, it shows high efficiency. As a rule, a single use of this drug in the amount of 2 tablets is enough to destroy all chlamydia in women in the body. Or the following regimen can be used - taking 500 mg of the drug on the first day, and 250 mg in the next four days. However, this drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Doxycycline is usually taken at a dosage of 0.1 g 2 times a day for a week. This drug is also contraindicated during pregnancy. The standard course of treatment with Ampicillin is as follows: 250 mg 4 times a day for 10 days.

The selection of drugs during pregnancy requires special care, since many of them are not recommended during this period due to high toxicity. Typically, therapy is best administered in the second trimester, after the placenta has formed. Erythromycin and josamycin are most often used during pregnancy. The duration of treatment during pregnancy is usually shorter.

However, antibiotics are not the only drugs needed. Depending on the patient’s condition, the doctor may also prescribe drugs to stimulate the immune system and vitamin complexes. Also, the disease is often complicated by a secondary fungal infection of the genital organs, such as candidiasis. Therefore, antifungal drugs (Fluconazole, Nystatin) can be prescribed for its treatment.

It is important to note that if a regular sexual partner is also infected, then it is necessary to treat him at the same time. Otherwise, all efforts to get rid of bacteria will be useless, since the next sexual contact will lead to re-infection. It must be borne in mind that the body does not develop specific immunity to bacteria, and having had the disease once, you can just as easily catch it the second time. The presence of diseases such as urethritis or prostatitis in a man indicates that he is likely to be a carrier of chlamydia.

It is also worth noting that during the period of treatment it is necessary to abstain from sex with a sexual partner, no matter whether it is a healthy partner or a sick one. This situation should last until it becomes obvious that both partners no longer have pathogens in their bodies.

To check the effectiveness of therapy after its completion, control studies are carried out for the presence of pathogens. Typically, studies are carried out after two weeks, a month and two months.

Antibiotic therapy should also be accompanied by a course of treatment for dysbiosis accompanying the use of antibiotics. For this purpose, probiotic preparations can be prescribed.

In addition to taking general antibiotics, local antiseptic drugs, for example, chlorhexidine solution, can be used. If the genitourinary organs are affected, these drugs can affect the causative agent of the disease. These drugs may be contained in vaginal suppositories and ointments. You can also use baths, tampons, microenemas.

There are also drugs containing bacteriophages that are active against the pathogen - Coliphage, Intestibacteriophage. In some cases, various physical procedures may be prescribed as an auxiliary measure of therapy - ultrasound and laser irradiation, magnetic therapy, electrophoresis. An important element of treatment is diet. During the course of therapy, it is recommended to avoid overly spicy and sweet foods and alcohol.

Prevention

There are no vaccinations that can protect against the trachomatis bacterium, therefore, in order to avoid the disease, it is necessary to follow certain rules to minimize the risk of becoming infected with pathogens.

Prevention of the disease largely coincides with the prevention of other sexually transmitted diseases. First of all, this is the use of barrier contraception. However, this method is not a panacea, since it does not exclude infection. Interestingly, oral hormonal contraceptives also reduce the likelihood of infection, as they make the uterine lining more resistant to bacteria.

It is equally important to avoid promiscuity, frequent changes of partners, unconventional, anal and oral sex. You should also take care of personal hygiene, wash your hands, especially after visiting the toilet or public places. There is a very high probability of transmission of the pathogen through things such as shared towels, items of clothing, especially underwear, etc. These points should be taken into account to prevent infection of other family members. Therefore, it is necessary to have individual hygiene products - towels, washcloths, sponges, etc.

Since the disease tends to be asymptomatic, if you have regular sex life and different partners, it is necessary to undergo an annual examination.

Chlamydia- These are special microscopic organisms with great destructive activity. They destroy everything in their path - blood vessels, heart, lungs, external genitalia, and reach the teeth, eyes and ears.

Chlamydia (chlamydial infection) more often it settles in the genitourinary system, spreading from there through sexual contact. This disease is very common among the younger generation. This is often due to the lack of pronounced symptoms, which means timely treatment.

The malignant chlamydia virus actively multiplies without manifesting itself; a person can be a carrier for many years without knowing it.

In place of the dead cells, rough connective tissue is formed, the diseased organ is no longer able to function normally, and a malfunction in the body’s systems begins. The genitals, digestive system and eyes are most often affected.

This pathological process occurs constantly, very quickly, and does not manifest symptoms. A person does not feel danger, does not take protective measures, and, therefore, the pathology spreads further.

Complications of the disease

Chlamydia disease does not have typical symptoms. Infected people do not feel constant debilitating pain and do not consult a doctor.

Pain comes from a severely damaged organ, when it cannot cope with its work. Some diseases are difficult to treat only because of the high prevalence of chlamydia in the body.

The pathological process takes over the entire body.

Against the background of chronic chlamydia infection, complications develop:

• pneumonia;
• cystitis;
• prostatitis;
• decreased erectile dysfunction;
• infertility;
• diseases of the female and male genital areas;
• pyelonephritis.

A person will treat precisely these diseases, but the true cause - chlamydial infection - will not be identified and destroyed.

Sexual route of infection

Treatment of chlamydial infection depends on the route of infection and the organ that was attacked by microorganisms. The main route of spread is sexual. Inflammation in the female body gradually takes over the internal organs one after another.

It all starts with the vaginal mucosa, then rises through the fallopian tubes. This is how the adhesive process develops - one of the causes of infertility. Next, the infection reaches the urethra, causing cystitis, inflammation of the cervical canal.

The male body also suffers from infection. Urethritis and prostatitis begin. Treatment of these diseases will be long and useless, because the main reason - chlamydial infection will continue its destructive effect.

Contact infection

There is no solid evidence yet that chlamydia is transmitted through household contact. But over time, these microorganisms acquire amazing resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions.

For example, on household items, the infection can persist for about two days at an average air temperature of 18 degrees. There is already evidence of infection with this disease in the humid environment of a bathhouse or sauna.

The main source of infection is a person who is a carrier of chlamydia. He actively and constantly releases this infection from his body. Infection through clothing, dirty hands, on public transport, and even through a handshake with a carrier cannot be ruled out. There is also a chance of catching an infection when using someone else's personal hygiene items, unironed bed linen, or through the toilet lid.

It is considered possible to become infected through the air. This is a very rare method of transmission, because the source must be a patient with pneumonia whose lungs are affected by chlamydia. But this option should not be ruled out, since few people know the true cause of their illnesses.

Infection of children

Once upon a time, chlamydia was considered a problem only for adults, and the route of spread was only sexual. But it turns out that this disease also affects children.

Chlamydial infection threatens even an unborn baby. Chronic disease increases the risk of fetal infection. Chlamydia can interfere with the proper formation of its internal organs. And in difficult cases, intrauterine fetal death is possible.

Adhesions can form in the uterus of a pregnant woman. This is the result of chlamydia. They destroy the shell, in place of which coarse tissue grows.

Adhesions are dense cords that can stretch from one organ to another and even change their location. Adhesions can prevent the fetus from forming and passing through the birth canal during labor.

During pregnancy, the fetus can become infected with chlamydia through the placenta, and after birth through breast milk. A congenital infection of a child affects the mucous membranes of the body, leading to the development of conjunctivitis, pneumonia and other pathologies.

Signs of chlamydia in the female body

Chlamydia manifests its symptoms in the female and male body differently, they can be confused with other pathologies. To get a diagnosis, it is better to consult a specialist and not self-medicate.

The first signs of infection may appear two to three weeks after infection.

Itching, burning, discomfort appears on the external genitalia, then pain when urinating. When the disease gains strength, yellow or whitish discharge with a foul odor appears.

In the future, the pain will be localized in the area of ​​the uterine appendages, on one or both sides at once, and may radiate to the lower back. An increase in temperature for no apparent reason up to 38 degrees is also typical.

During a gynecological examination, swelling of the cervix is ​​visible, erosion and discharge mixed with blood are possible.

The woman's general condition changes for the worse. Fatigue, lethargy, and loss of appetite appear. Against the background of general intoxication of the body, all chronic diseases begin to worsen.

Treatment is difficult, without noticeable improvements. This is often attributed to bad medications or unqualified doctors, and chlamydial infection as a cause is overlooked.

Symptoms of infection in men

This infection develops quickly in the male body, but without symptoms. When complications arise in the form of infertility, weakened potency, inflammation of the genital organs, a man begins to worry about his health. At this stage, a diagnosis of “chronic chlamydia” is already made. Often the sexual partners of such a man are also infected.

The first manifestations of infection can be noticed two to three weeks after chlamydia enters the body. The first to be affected is the urethra. An unpleasant itching will begin in it, the first drops of urine will be cloudy. But these symptoms will soon pass; as a rule, men do not take such signs seriously. But at the initial stage, any pathology is easier to cure.

As the disease spreads further, pain will appear in the groin area and lower back. Body temperature may rise to 38 degrees for no apparent reason. The urethra will begin to swell, acquire a reddish color, and in the morning there may be a discharge of a small amount of colorless and odorless fluid. At the stage of advanced chlamydia, prostatitis and other inflammatory processes will develop.

Main directions of treatment

Treatment of chlamydia is a complex process, since many internal organs and systems are affected, and normal life processes are disrupted. This virus does not give up easily and has great ability to adapt.

When choosing treatment, the doctor takes into account:

• patient's age;
• stage of the disease;
• severity of inflammation;
• duration of illness;
• presence of chronic diseases;
• existing symptoms.

The treatment takes place in several stages; after the recovery period, it is necessary to undergo a laboratory examination again. It is important to determine whether the infection remains in the body or has been destroyed.

Chlamydia should be treated together with those around you to avoid re-infection during subsequent contacts.

Treatment of acute chlamydia

Basic treatment includes the use of antibiotics and immune drugs for 3 weeks. In the third week, enzyme therapy and antifungal drugs are added, if necessary, for example, for fungal infections of the genital organs in women. From the very beginning of therapy it is necessary to consume vitamin complexes.

Physiotherapy is recommended during the rehabilitation period. To restore the functioning of the affected body systems, hepatoprotectors and other similar agents can be prescribed. Probiotics are prescribed against dysbiosis in the intestines and vagina, which are subject to a strong attack by chlamydia.

The main treatment in the acute period is aimed at relieving symptoms and improving the condition of the sick person. For these purposes, microenemas, baths, suppositories, and specific preparations are used.

During the therapy period, you should not drink alcoholic beverages, salty or spicy foods. After treatment, tests are required, which are then repeated twice a month.

It is necessary to observe strict personal hygiene measures - iron underwear on both sides, change it every day, use an individual towel.

Treatment of chronic infection

Treatment of advanced chlamydial infection requires a lot of time and patience. To begin with, preparation is carried out by administering immunostimulating drugs intramuscularly. Systemic enzyme therapy and local procedures are often carried out in the form of baths with chlorhexidine, enemas with special solutions. This will take approximately 10 days.

At the main stage, complex therapy with antibiotics is carried out, which are selected by the attending physician based on the patient’s health condition.

Restoration of the body occurs with the help of physiotherapy and local treatment. These can be microenemas, baths, antioxidants, special tampons in the vagina.

Chlamydia during pregnancy is treated according to the same plan, but with other medications that should not harm the child.

Treatment effectiveness

When undergoing such complex treatment, I want to believe that such a strong effect on the body will be effective. But for this, several conditions must be met, for example, antibiotics must be specific, active specifically against chlamydia.

Only these can penetrate inside the cell and destroy the disease there. Also, the course of treatment should be continuous - 3 weeks (even if the antibiotic was replaced with another). This is due to the fact that the infection development cycle is on average 72 hours. For successful treatment, at least 6 cycles must be overlapped.

Pulse therapy helps effectively. This is a kind of intermittent treatment: taking an antibiotic for 7 days, then a break for 7 days. You need to do this three times. This method is also associated with the development cycles of chlamydia.

Taking antifungal medications is mandatory for success in recovery. Indeed, in a weakened body and after the use of antibiotics, the possibility of the spread of candidiasis increases.

The effectiveness of treatment also depends on the route of drug administration. Preference should be given to intravenous and intramuscular methods, since the drug spreads faster and more evenly in the cells and begins to fight the problem.

How to avoid infection

Preventive measures are based on eliminating the routes of infection into the body. In chronic disease, chlamydia forms entire colonies on internal organs. There will be no noticeable symptoms, and few people take minor ailments seriously. But such carriage is very dangerous during unprotected sexual intercourse.

With external relative health, such a person is contagious, like a sexual partner. Timely treatment will bring positive results only if sexual partners are treated at the same time.

Chlamydia is stable in the external environment for about 2 days, but for infection to occur, a large number of these creatures is needed.

The disease can be transmitted not only from person to person, but also from an infected animal or bird. By thoroughly washing your hands after interacting with representatives of the animal world, you can protect yourself from serious illness and long-term treatment.

Diseases caused by chlamydia are called chlamydia or chlamydial infections.

Chlamydia can be contracted from both humans and animals. The most dangerous types of chlamydia are considered to be Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pecorum, which enter the human body through contact with sick animals and birds, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae, which are contracted from a sick person.

Chlamydia is stable in the external environment for 36-48 hours, dying when boiled for 1 minute and after treatment with antiseptics (alcohol, high concentrations of chlorine solutions, solutions of hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate).

Types of chlamydial infections

Depending on which organ chlamydia affects, there are several types of chlamydia.

Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis and chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Chlamydia trachomatis causes

• chlamydial conjunctivitis,
• nasopharyngitis,

in adults

• urogenital chlamydia (urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, cervicitis, endometritis, adnexitis),
• proctitis,
• cholecystitis.

Also, some types of Chlamydia trachomatis cause trachoma and lymphogranulomatosis venereum.

Chlamydia pneumoniae infects the respiratory and cardiovascular systems with the development of pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, endocarditis and other diseases.

Chlamydial infection can occur in acute, chronic and asymptomatic forms.

Causes

It becomes clear that chlamydia is caused by chlamydia. But there are a number of predisposing factors for infection with these microorganisms:

Urogenital chlamydia:

• promiscuity;
• wearing an intrauterine device;
• failure to comply with personal hygiene rules.

Other factors:

• close contact with animals and birds;
• failure to comply with personal hygiene rules;
• factors that contribute to weakening of the immune system (taking antibiotics, hypovitaminosis, hypothermia, stress, etc.).

Routes of transmission of chlamydial infection: sexual, household contact, intrauterine and intrapartum (during childbirth when a child passes through the mother’s infected birth canal).

Symptoms of chlamydia

The incubation period for chlamydia is 7-21 days. The infection, as a rule, has nonspecific symptoms of the disease, therefore it is rarely diagnosed in an acute form and in 90% of cases becomes chronic.

Urogenital chlamydia

Most often, urogenital chlamydia develops in the form of urethritis and cervicitis.

Patients complain of frequent and painful urination, glassy discharge from the urethra and/or genital tract, and the appearance (rarely) of a drop of blood when urinating.

With ascending chlamydial infection in men, the seminal vesicles (vesiculitis), prostate (prostatitis), membranes and testicles themselves are affected (epididymitis and orchitis), and in women, the uterus (endometritis) and appendages (adnexitis), which have characteristic manifestations of all of these diseases.

Psittacosis

Infection occurs from sick birds and animals. The main symptoms of the disease are:

• increase in body temperature up to 39°C,
• general intoxication (weakness, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting),
• lung damage with the development of pneumonia,
• brain damage with the development of meningitis,
• spleno- and hepatomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver).

Chlamydia of the bronchopulmonary system

As a rule, pulmonary chlamydia occurs as acute obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Patients are bothered by a dry, unproductive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and periodic attacks of suffocation.

Trachoma

Chlamydial infection of the conjunctiva and cornea of ​​the eye with subsequent scarring of the mucous membrane, cartilage of the eyelids and the development of blindness.

Lymphogranulomatosis venereum

Caused by chlamydia, the soft tissues of the urogenital area and inguinal lymph nodes are affected.

In the final stage of the disease, ulcers form on the skin of the perineum and on the mucous membranes of the genital organs, which subsequently become sclerotic and scarred.

Reiter's syndrome

The conjunctiva of the eyes, joints and genitourinary organs are successively or simultaneously affected. Symptoms of the disease are characteristic of conjunctivitis, arthritis and urethritis.

Chlamydia test

Diagnosing chlamydial infection is very difficult. Detection of chlamydia by any method in biological material indicates human infection. It is advisable to use several methods for diagnosing chlamydia:

Culture method

Growing cells infected with chlamydia on nutrient media. Biological materials are scrapings from mucous membranes, semen and urine. The method is reliable in 90% of diagnostic cases; it allows one to identify live chlamydia and determine their sensitivity to antibiotics.

Immunofluorescent method

Detection of glow-in-the-dark sections of chlamydia cells or whole microorganisms in a preparation prepared from scrapings of the mucous membrane and stained with special dyes.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Detection of a certain type of antibody in the patient’s blood.
• The presence of IgM (type M immunoglobulins) indicates an acute infection, and the detection of IgG (type G immunoglobulins) is evidence of past infection.
• A decrease in the titer (quantity) of IgM allows us to judge the positive effect of treatment and the beginning of recovery.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

For research, smears are taken from the urethra, cervical canal, eyelids and/or urine sediment. Sections of chlamydia DNA are found in the preparations.

PCR is the most sensitive and effective way to diagnose chlamydial infection.

Treatment

Treatment of chlamydial infection is a very complex and time-consuming process. The doctor who diagnosed chlamydia is treating her.

For example, urogenital chlamydia is treated by a gynecologist and urologist-andrologist, pulmonary chlamydia by a pulmonologist or therapist, eye damage by an ophthalmologist. In addition, an immunologist and a laboratory assistant are involved in the treatment.

The main treatment for chlamydia is the administration of antibiotics.

Antibiotics are used

• group of macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, rovamycin),
• tetracycline series (doxycycline, tetracycline),
• fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin).

The course of antibiotic treatment lasts 10-21 days, depending on whether the process is chronic or acute, as well as the degree of the disease.

Along with antibiotics, they are prescribed

• multivitamins,
• immunomodulatory drugs (tactivin, thymalin),
• enzymes (festal, karsil),
• antifungal agents (nystatin, fluconazole),
• probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin orally and in vaginal tampons) for the prevention of intestinal and vaginal dysbiosis.

Women with urogenital chlamydia are prescribed local treatment in the form of douching with antiseptic solutions and the introduction of vaginal tampons with antibacterial ointments.

During antibiotic therapy, which is administered to both sexual partners, patients are prohibited from sexual intercourse, consumption of alcohol, spicy and salty foods.

After completing the course of treatment, both partners take control tests for chlamydia and repeat the tests twice in a month or two. Women need to get tested after menstruation.

When treating all types of chlamydial infections, it is very important to observe personal hygiene measures (daily change of underwear, personal towels, etc.).

Complications and prognosis

Possible complications of urogenital chlamydial infection:

• male and female infertility;
• chronic diseases of the pelvic organs (prostatitis, vesiculitis, endometritis, adnexitis, adhesive disease);
• risk of ectopic pregnancy;
• Reiter's syndrome;
• miscarriage;
• the birth of a child with developmental defects;
• stricture (narrowing) of the urethra;
• postpartum purulent-septic diseases;
• cervical cancer.

Despite the difficulty of curing chlamydia, the prognosis for the lives of patients is favorable.

In 50% of cases, urogenital chlamydia leads to infertility.

Chlamydia is a common infectious disease that is transmitted primarily through sexual contact. Every year the number of cases increases; today more than 30% of the planet's population suffers from the disease.

All people with an active sexual life should know how to recognize chlamydia. For a long time, the disease can proceed covertly, and all because the immune system is strong and can independently fight the infection.

Elementary bodies with infectious properties can exist intracellularly. They are the ones that are transmitted from one sick person to another, but healthy one.

Chlamydia is not resistant to environmental factors, they are sensitive to high temperatures, and when dried, they instantly lose their aggressive properties. That is why infection in household conditions is extremely rare.

Possible routes of infection

For urogenital chlamydia, the source of infection is the person himself. Moreover, it does not matter at all whether he has symptoms of the disease or is asymptomatic.

The main routes of transmission of infection are as follows:

• vertical path, that is, from mother to fetus;
• during sexual intercourse;
• contact-household.

Chlamydia infection can be spread in the following ways:

• through lymphatic vessels;
• canalicular path - through the fallopian tubes, cervix, peritoneum, etc.;
• with seminal secretion;
• hematogenous route - through estrogenital foci.

In addition, it is known that chlamydia can be treated with the help of intrauterine contraception.

How the disease develops

To date, the pathogenesis of the disease has not been fully studied, but, nevertheless, several stages of the development of the disease are distinguished:

• target cells are damaged;
• mucous membranes suffer;
• epithelial cells are affected, resulting in symptoms of the disease;
• an immune response is formed.

The last stage is the residual phase, functional and morphological changes occur in the tissues and organs where the pathogens are present.

Clinical forms

Chlamydia differs in clinical forms, which can be as follows:

• uncomplicated form or acute– pathology affects the lower genitourinary tract;
• chronic form– a recurrent disease that occurs over a long period of time.

Clinical symptoms may vary. After infection, there may be no symptoms or there may be pronounced signs of an inflammatory process. In patients with diseases of the lower genitourinary tract, the following diseases can be identified - colpitis, bartholinitis, urethritis.

Symptoms of the disease in women

After the infection enters a woman’s body, a mucous discharge mixed with pus appears, the tint is yellow, and the smell is unpleasant, this is what distinguishes it from ordinary discharge. Itching, burning, and pain in the lower abdomen may appear in the external genital area. Before menstruation, the discomfort intensifies.

Interesting! Some women complain that their condition becomes weakened, and there may be a slight increase in body temperature.

With hormonal activity, during pregnancy, with the onset of menopause, chlamydial infection can cause the development of colpitis. Maceration of the stratified squamous epithelium appears around the cervix, swelling forms, and it is easily injured.

Through the cervical canal, the infection can rise upward by hematogenous or lymphogenous route, penetrating into the uterine cavity, peritoneum and other nearby pelvic organs.

In the absence of timely treatment, the following complications will begin to develop:

• obstruction of the appendages is observed;
• in the future it is possible to develop an ectopic pregnancy;
• tubal infertility develops;
• adhesions develop in the pelvis.

All these symptoms are unpleasant and dangerous.

Symptoms of chlamydia in men

At an early stage, men begin to develop urethritis, which can last for several months. The bladder is slightly inflamed and glassy discharge is present. Many patients complain that they are bothered by burning and itching, and the symptoms intensify when urinating.

The video in this article explains in more detail how the disease develops.

There is pain in the testicles, urethra, and lower back; due to intoxication, body temperature may increase, but only slightly. In clinical practice, there are many cases where, after ejaculation or urination, discharge mixed with blood appears. Due to the strands and purulent threads, the urine may become cloudy in color.

When chlamydia colonies form and remain on the surface of the mucous membranes, we can talk about carriage of infections. It is not difficult to explain this condition; the whole point is that the human immune system is trying to suppress the further proliferation of bacteria. Many doctors are of the opinion that such carriers are not dangerous to their partners, which is why from an epidemiological point of view they can be considered safe.

After the disease passes into the chronic stage, men complain of constant discomfort in the perineum, prostate, and around the anus. At night, you may experience a frequent urge to urinate, the color of the semen changes, and its volume decreases.

Pregnancy and chlamydia

Chlamydial infection, which affects women in early pregnancy, can lead to primary placental insufficiency and congenital defects in the fetus. Many women experience miscarriages; a frozen pregnancy, that is, one that does not develop, can be diagnosed.

Chlamydia in late pregnancy is a threat and can cause pregnancy to be terminated. The production of amniotic fluid is disrupted, and secondary placental insufficiency develops.

According to morphological studies, in those infants who died due to infection, examination revealed chlamydia in the lungs and meninges. Thus, we can conclude that transplacental infection is still possible.

Due to hematogenous infection of the fetus, the following can be observed:

• adrenal or liver failure;
• edematous-hemorrhagic syndrome;
• hemorrhages in the cerebral stomachs, etc.

All these factors lead to the child dying in the womb or some time after birth.

The cervical form of chlamydia can cause premature labor, as well as early rupture of membranes. The baby swallows amniotic fluid before birth, causing damage to the digestive tract and lungs.

Diagnosis of chlamydia

How to identify chlamydia? The question worries many; only a doctor can conduct an examination. To make an accurate diagnosis, several laboratory techniques should be used at once.

Culture method

Biological material is taken from the patient and placed in a nutrient medium where all conditions are created for the pathogen to begin to multiply. You can even see its colonies with the naked eye.

Despite the fact that the research method is lengthy, it is considered the most informative today, as it allows you to accurately identify the type of pathogen and determine its sensitivity to drugs, namely antibiotics.

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction is a method that involves combining a special primer and chlamydia DNA. The result is accurate.

RIF analysis

Another effective examination method is the immunofluorescence method. A scraping is taken from the urethra, stained with a special dye, and then examined under a fluorescent microscope. The pathogen can be identified in more than 70% of cases.

Immunoenzyme method

When carrying out such diagnostics, it is possible to identify specific antibodies in the patient’s blood; they are formed against chlamydia. A scraping from the urethra can be taken as biological material.

Serological research method

An additional research method that allows the detection of anti-chlamydial antibodies in the patient’s blood serum. If microorganisms have been identified, it is recommended that the sexual partner undergo examination. The photo below is an example of how the diagnosis is carried out.

How to treat the disease

After a complete examination, patients are prescribed appropriate treatment. Instructions for taking medications are issued by a doctor; the course of therapy is individual for each patient. Below we will look at the most effective ways to eliminate the infection.

Antibacterial therapy

There is no universal medicine for the treatment of chlamydia. Therapy is complex. The main remedy in the fight against infections is antibiotics. Other medications cannot destroy microorganisms.

It is useless to use antimicrobial drugs, vaginal suppositories, and traditional methods on your own at home. All this can only be a complement to the main treatment.

It is important to choose the right antibiotic to which the infection is sensitive. The drugs are selected based on the results of laboratory tests, otherwise there will be no effect.

The following groups of drugs are most often prescribed:

• carbapenems;
• tetracyclines;
• penicillins;
• fluoroquinolones;
• macrolides;
• lincosamides.

Women take the drugs for 5 to 14 days, after which they should undergo follow-up tests. If antibiotics fail to help, and chlamydia continues to remain in the body, other remedies may be prescribed.

Immunotherapy

The main complication arising from chlamydia is immunodeficiency, which begins to appear after long-term therapy.

Combination treatment is complemented by immunotherapy, which may include the following drugs:

• interferon-based drugs;
• vitamin complexes;
• immunomodulators and immunostimulants of plant or synthetic origin;
• antioxidants and hepatoprotectors.

Typically, immunostimulants are prescribed along with antibiotics; it is recommended to take them for about a week. In this way, the therapeutic effect of antibiotics can be strengthened. The most effective means are Imunofan, Polyoxidonium, Immunomax.

Since the drugs are of synthetic origin, they can achieve a better therapeutic effect. As for other medications, they can be taken only after the antibiotics have been discontinued.

Probiotics to restore flora

Antibiotics have a toxic effect on the intestinal microflora, provoking the development of bacterial imbalance. Moreover, the drugs can cause not only intestinal dysbiosis, but also vaginal dysbiosis in women.

An imbalance in the genital organs is dangerous because pathogenic bacteria will begin to become active, causing the development of an inflammatory process. Thus, a vicious circle can open.

There are many drugs on the pharmaceutical market that can help restore the microflora of the vagina and intestines. It can be anything: solutions, vaginal suppositories, medications, etc.

Prevention of household infection

Living with a sick person, but not having a close relationship with him, it is almost impossible to become infected. Possible causes of infection include removing the bathtub and toilet.

In order to generally reduce the risk of household infection to a minimum, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

1. After contact with sick people, it is recommended to wash your hands with soap and warm water. Children with symptoms of conjunctivitis or bronchitis cannot be excluded from the risk group.
2. When visiting a public toilet, it is not recommended to have direct contact with the toilet; use a disposable napkin. According to statistics, 5% of sick people become infected in this way.
3. It is not recommended to use public hygiene items - towels, dishes. Also have your own blades and machines.

In order to prevent infection, experts recommend using alcohol-based antiseptics.

Prevention of infection through sexual contact

The best way to avoid problems such as chlamydia is to follow preventive measures. You should pay attention to your sexual behavior. Be careful when choosing a sexual partner; when engaging in casual sex, you must use a condom.

Despite the fact that such a contraceptive cannot provide 100% protection against infection, it is the best remedy today. The best option for your sexual behavior is to remain faithful to each other, this is the only way to reduce the likelihood of infection to a minimum.

It is especially difficult for young people to protect themselves from infection, which is why they need to visit the hospital several times a year and be examined for sexually transmitted diseases.

Who needs mandatory examination

As mentioned above, contraceptives cannot guarantee complete protection against the disease.

In addition to those people who lead an immoral lifestyle, there are other people who are at risk and require mandatory examination:

• married couples at the stage of family planning;
• other family members suffer from chlamydia;
• women in the first months of pregnancy or after childbirth;
• women who have had an abortion.

How to identify chlamydia, how to cure and prevent it? These and many other questions can be answered just above. Remember that the health of each person depends, first of all, on himself. Preventive measures are not complicated, but they are effective.

Frequently asked questions to the doctor

Chlamydia and thrush

Hello, tell me how to distinguish chlamydia from thrush?

The incubation period for chlamydia is about two weeks. Both men and women complain of discharge from the urethra that is clear or white. There may be a burning sensation when urinating. A sick person may experience pain during sexual intercourse. About 5% of patients do not experience any symptoms at all.

With thrush, the discharge is slightly different: curdled, white, and thick. There is unbearable itching in the genital area, which will get worse if you wear low-quality underwear. The mucous membrane of the labia may swell.

The symptoms of one and the other disease are similar, which is why if you notice something wrong, you should consult a urologist or gynecologist.

Polyps and chlamydia

Tell me, can chlamydia cause the development of uterine or cervical polyps?

It is still impossible to name the exact cause of polyp formation. In medicine, pathology is considered polyetiological; it arises not from one, but from several factors at once. The main reason for their formation is considered to be infections that are transmitted through sexual contact.

Chlamydia and vaginosis

Not long ago I was treated for bacterial vaginosis, but the disease did not go away. After the examination, I was told that it could be a hidden infection, for example, chlamydia. Could this be possible?

Chlamydia and bacterial vaginosis are two different concepts. One pathology cannot develop due to the presence of another. I recommend that you undergo another examination in order to establish the cause of the development of the disease.

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