Ancient people of the north. Before the arrival of the Russians, Siberia was inhabited by indigenous peoples. White peoples of ancient Siberia History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day

During the 17th century, the vast Siberian region, sparsely populated by indigenous people, was crossed by Russian explorers “meeting the sun” to the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and firmly established as part of Russia. The Moscow authorities paid close attention to the topic of settling Siberia.

The northern and eastern borders of the Russian state within Siberia almost coincided with the natural geographical borders of the northern part of the Asian continent.

The situation was different in the southern regions of Siberia. Russian advance to the south in the 17th century. faced a counter-offensive by the Manchu, Mongol and Dzungar feudal lords and was suspended.

From the beginning of the 18th century, after the removal of part of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts by the Dzungar rulers to the south to the Ili River valley, Russian settlement of the Yenisei basin south of Krasnoyarsk, Northern Altai and the Upper Ob region began. In the 18th century Russian settlement primarily covered the southern Siberian lands. What was this settlement of Siberia like? The term settlement does not mean at all that there were no inhabitants there, and does not at all exclude that part of the local population was of Slavic origin. There was a resettlement of people from the western part of the country to the eastern - this is what this settlement consisted of in the first place. So, to put it more precisely, it is a history of development, not settlement.

Russian geopolitics in the region was that the tsarist government tried to avoid all kinds of conflicts and military clashes here. It tried to establish regular trade relations with the Kazakhs, Dzungaria, China, Central Asian states and even India. At the same time, the southern borders were strengthened by building systems of fortresses.

Creation of defensive lines

The creation of a line of Irtysh fortresses further contributed to the settlement of forest-steppe regions by Russians. From the taiga districts, unfavorable in terms of climatic conditions for arable farming, developed by Russian farmers back in the 17th century, the resettlement of peasants to the forest-steppe began. Villages appear near the Omsk fortress, where peasants from the Tyumen district moved. Omskaya and Chernolutskaya settlements, the villages of Bolshaya Kulachinskaya, Malaya Kulachinskaya, Krasnoyarskaya, and Miletina arise here.

In the 30s of the 18th century. West of the Irtysh, the Ishim fortified line was formed. It included up to 60 fortified villages. It began at the Chernolutsk fortress (slightly lower than the Omsk fortress), went to the Bolsheretskaya fortress, the Zudilovsky fortress, the Korkinskaya settlement (Ishim), the fortresses of Ust-Lamenskaya and Omutnaya, then passed south of Kurgan to the Lebyazhy fortress.

The territory of the forest-steppe lying south of the Ishim line to the river. Kamyshlova and bitter-salty lakes, remained in the 30s of the 18th century. not inhabited by anyone. Only occasionally did Tatar trappers, Russian hunters, peasants and Cossacks appear here, coming for hunting and fishing. By the middle of the 18th century. north of the river Russian villages appeared in Kamyshlova and the bitter-salty lakes.

After the death of the Dzungarian ruler Galdan-Tseren in 1745, a struggle broke out in Dzungaria between separate groups of feudal lords. The aggravation of the internal political situation in the Khanate led to the movement of the nomadic noyons and their attack on the Kazakh cattle breeders, who were pushed north into the Ishim and Irtysh steppes. Events in Dzungaria and information about the preparation of a military campaign in Dzungaria by the Manchu feudal lords encouraged the tsarist government to strengthen the defense of the Siberian borders.

In 1745, the Russian government transferred regular military units (two infantry and three cavalry regiments) under the command of Major General Kinderman to the Siberian line. By decree of the Senate, in 1752, construction began on a new line of fortifications, called Presnogorkovskaya, or Gorka, which was completed in 1755. The line began from the Omsk fortress on the Irtysh, went west through the Pokrovskaya, Nikolaevskaya, Lebyazhya, Poludennaya, Petropavlovskaya fortresses , Skopinskaya, Stanovaya, Presnovskaya, Kabanya, Presnogorkovskaya to Zverinogolovskaya. With the construction of the Presnogorkovskaya line, the Ishimskaya line located to the north lost its importance.

The huge forest-steppe region between the old Ishim and Presnogorkovskaya lines along Ishim, Vagai and Tobol, favorable for arable farming, began to be actively populated and developed by Russian farmers. Already by the middle of the 18th century. There was an intensive resettlement of peasants to the Presnogorkovskaya line from the regions of Tobolsk, Tyumen and other territories. Only in 1752, over 1000 peasants of the Tobolsk, Ishim and Krasnoslobodsky districts declared their desire to move to the area of ​​the line.

The territory of Siberia, from the Urals to Primorye, is full of ancient cities and their ruins. Some are already open, others are still waiting to be opened. There are cities from the time of the Trojan War, the times of non-existence of Egypt and Sumer.

Tomsk historian Georgy Sidorov discovered for us the megalithic cities of Siberia, which go back more than 10 thousand years. His expedition found material confirmation of the theory according to which Siberia will soon be recognized as the ancestral home of all humanity; nowhere in the world are there megaliths equal to those in Siberia. For the first time in the history of Russian science, walls lined with giant blocks weighing from 2 to 4 thousand tons and even more were discovered!

In Siberia, many permanent settlements and first cities are now being found, similar to Arkaim and others.

This is done by specialists who study the history of the ancient cities of Siberia, one of them is Ekaterinburg resident V.A. Borzunov. Based on the works of E.M. Bers in the 50s and 60s, he managed to establish “a new, northernmost distribution area on the globe for fortified dwellings, which covered forest areas of the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia between 56 and 64 degrees north latitude and 60 and 76 east longitudes. Probably this area was wider and included the Tomsk-Narym Ob region with the adjacent taiga territories. Its constituent monuments (more than 70) date back to within the last five and a half thousand years. Some buildings were a powerful log one- or two-story residential structure, with an area of ​​. 60 to 600 (on average about 270) sq. m.

Among the monuments of this type are V.A. Borzunov identified the site of Amnya I (discovered on the left tributary of the Kazym River, which in turn flows into the Ob River on the right), which functioned in the last third of the 4th - first third of the 3rd millennium BC. e.. The site of Amnya I, he writes, is an example of “the oldest monument of the first version, which is the northernmost Neolithic site of the world.” In addition, the author claims that this specific type of settlement in the Ural-Siberian region and in Siberia in general arose completely independently of the outside world and that “for the first time in world practice, the creators of defensive structures were societies with appropriating sectors of the economy.” In his other work, V.A. Borzunov correctly characterizes the inhabitants of especially fortified dwellings as “sedentary forest hunters.” Consequently, we can conclude that the aboriginal population of even taiga Siberia, even in the Neolithic era, progressed incomparably faster than the population of Eastern Europe.

Thousands of years ago, life was in full swing in Siberian cities.

For example, the most striking culture of the Bronze Age was the Samus culture, named after the village. Samus, Tomsk region, where in 1954 V.I. Matyushchenko opened a settlement, which subsequently gained worldwide fame.

Secondly, the culture is famous for its interesting cult vessels. Some of them are decorated with animal heads along the edge of the vessel, others with the image of a person. The bottoms of such vessels are often marked with sun signs in the form of squares, crosses or circles.

The burials of the Samus foundry workers, marked by the presence of a large number of bronze artistic castings, are identical to the burials of the Turbino culture (Ural region, Kama River, Perm the Great). In the Kama region, mining and bronze foundry production was at the same stage of development. The Samus and Turbino bronze objects have a striking resemblance to things from the Borodino treasure (Odessa region), the Seima burial ground (Nizhnyaya Oka) and many other monuments. This amazing fact testifies to the existence already in the Bronze Age of a single Samus - Turbino - Seima community on the vast territory of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia - throughout the entire Eurosiberia.

The materials from the unique archaeological site, the settlement of Samus IV, are of enormous historical and cultural value. The collection is impressive not only for its volume (6,300 storage units), but also for the originality of its finds.

Ceramic vessel, Seversk

It is also known that the appearance of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 on the territory of India about 4000 years ago was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan based on the site of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had populous cities at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications apparently did not help and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan, and its inhabitants began to speak the Proto-Russian language, known to us today as Sanskrit.

In the third quarter of the turbulent 2nd millennium BC. e. Almost simultaneously (by archaeological standards) with the campaigns of foundry warriors to the west, a massive movement of the Caucasian population began in an easterly direction. It occurs somewhat to the south - across the open steppe and forest-steppe spaces of Siberia - and is associated with the appearance of the pastoral tribes of the Andronovo culture in the historical arena. They received this name from the location of the monuments they left in this territory - near the village of Andronovo, Uzhursky district, Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Like the previous Samus culture, the Andronovo community had a huge area of ​​distribution; the borders of the “Andronovo Empire” were from the Yenisei, Altai in the east to the southern Volga region and the Urals in the west, from the border of the taiga (at that time north of the Vasyugan River) in the north to the Tien Shan, Pamir and Amu Darya in the south.

The Sintashta temple complex, which includes one large and many small mounds, was studied in detail during the Soviet period. Archaeologists have written several books and many articles on this basis. The average age of the complex is 4000 years. The generally accepted scientific opinion is that this was precisely the temple religious complex of the Aryan tribes, a kind of cultural capital. Considering that the age of both the ancient settlement and the burial mounds exceeds the Arkaim finds, we can conclude that the temple complex appeared here, perhaps 100-200 years before the construction of Arkaim. The size of the Sintashta settlement is half that of Arkaim. Presumably, the city and temple complex of Sintashta lived throughout the “Land of Cities” period, which means at least 300 years.

This was discovered by excavations by V.T. Kovaleva in the settlement of Tashkovo II on the river. Iset, a left tributary of the Tobol in 1984-1986. The monument dates back to the very beginning of the Bronze Age. The date of its existence, obtained by radiocarbon dating, is 1830 BC. It soon became clear that in the Tobol valley there was an entire Tashkov culture with similar wooden fortresses that had a concentric layout. Three of them are located on the left bank and one on the right bank of the Tobol.

Settlement Tashkovo

As we see, 2 thousand and 5 thousand years ago, life was in full swing in Siberia, people built villages and cities.
Neolithic monuments of the Tomsk region are the Samussky burial ground, materials from excavations in the upper reaches of the Keti, Narym Ob region. I would like to emphasize that this was a time of non-existence of Sumer and Egypt.

The Siberian prehistoric first cities left a long-lasting historical memory. It is impossible not to say this here, at least briefly.

During the reign of Caliph al-Wasiq (842-847), the destroyed ancient cities were seen by the Arab Sallam at-Tarjuman, who was traveling in Siberia. He reports that he walked from the capital of the Khazars (apparently from the city of Itil in the Volga delta) for 26 days. “Then,” he writes, we came to cities that lay in ruins, and walked through these places with a caravan for another 20 days. We asked about the reason for this state of the cities and we were informed that these were cities that had once been penetrated by Yajuj and Majuj and destroyed them."

Ruins of ancient cities of Siberia, from the Urals to Primorye.

In this regard, it is interesting to compare Salam’s information with the data of Rashid ad-Din, an Iranian encyclopedist at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. According to him, in the regions along the upper and middle reaches of the Yenisei there were many cities and villages. The northernmost of the cities belonging to the Kyrgyz was located on the Yenisei, at the mouth of the right tributary, and was called Kikas. It is possible that this was lower Tunguska, since from Kikas to the wall it was only three days’ walk, and Alexander the Great built the wall from the peoples of Gog and Magog in the Arctic. (More on this in other parts).

When the Cossacks at the beginning of the 17th century. came to Siberia, they no longer saw large cities, only ruins remained from them. But small fortresses, called gorodki, were encountered by the Cossacks in Siberia in abundance. Thus, according to the Ambassadorial Prikaz, only in the Ob region at the end of the 17th century. 94 cities were levied with fur yasak. Registration of Siberian cities began in pre-Ermak times. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible ordered the drawing up of the “Big Drawing” of the Russian land. Soon such a map was drawn up, but during the Time of Troubles it disappeared, but the description of the lands was preserved. In 1627, in the Discharge Order, clerks F. Likhachev and M. Danilov partially restored and completed the “Book of the Big Drawing,” in which more than 90 cities are mentioned in the north-west of Siberia alone.

What ethnic group does the brick culture of Siberia belong to? It is unlikely that it was created by Ob hunters and fishermen. It is equally unlikely that it belonged to steppe nomads. Judging by the discovered openers, sickles, scythes and grain mills, this culture belonged to the farming people, and these people, as is known, were the Slavs, because the Ufino-Ugrians were engaged in gathering. These are mushrooms, berries, hunting, etc., among the steppe people - livestock that must be driven from place to place in search of pastures. Historians often have a question about who ruled these peoples and they are most often inclined to believe that they were steppe nomads, and the Slavs were subordinate to them as a sedentary people, farmers. This is also reflected in the Romanov German historians that the Slavs received the label for reign from the Mongol-Tatars. Even Alexander Dugin, a philosopher, political scientist, sociologist, is inclined towards this, and he relies on the works of Ludwig Gumplowicz, Franz Oppenheimer, and his book “The State”. Here are the words of A. Dugin: “The Slavs are an Indo-European, Aryan people, related in language to the Iranians, Scythians and Sarmatians, that is, Indo-European. But the peculiarity of the Eastern Slavs from the point of view of sociology was settled agriculture, and therefore in the nomadic Turanian empires, the Slavs occupied the place of the lower strata is connected with the complete absence of the Slavic nobility, because according to Openheimer’s concept, the nobility and the elite were formed by the nomads, and the sedentary peoples - the masses. The priests and warriors belong to the elite of the nomads, the sedentary peoples are below, and the Ufino-Ugric peoples occupy another level. lower, as those engaged in gathering."

But we know what kind of history foreigners are writing for us, and Soros, the Rothschilds, the Rockefellers and others, this is their elite, we don’t need it. And no one wants to take into account that the leaders of the Slavic-Aryans were priests, and even in official history they try to hide who “Prophetic Oleg” really was. Among the Jews, priests-high priests still exist, but our priests, magi, sorcerers, the military elite were persecuted, killed, they tried to behead the entire managerial elite, and peoples deprived of their priests were pitted against each other. So gradually the borders of the Great Power's possessions shrank to their present state, and the Soviet Union already seems like something distant and illusory. Dugin adheres to the opinion of the Polish historian, sociologist and thinker L. Gumplowicz (his main thesis is racial struggle) that the elite of any state is foreign, the people cannot govern themselves, and therefore the managerial elite must be foreigners. Does this remind you of anything? Today's events in Ukraine clearly show us how the managerial elite of foreigners there governs the country. They simply kill the indigenous, civilian population, people are shot from tanks, guns, and airplanes, this is genocide. But by historical standards they again make it clear to us that we are worthless, unable to manage our state, and at the same time they are proud that the Romans had their own “Roman law” and forget that the Slavs had more of these rights. Let me remind you - this is clan, community, cop, veche and weight law. Orthodoxy is the usual veneration of the gods given by our ancestors. Orthodoxy is the usual reverence for the code of laws governing communities, our rights, given by our ancestors. Those who do not respect the laws of the law are “beyond the law”, hence the imposition on us of the word “law”, which in its meaning is “lawlessness”.

But let's continue.

Ancient, megalithic cities of Siberia.

We found confirmation that the ancient foundations of all cultures known to us, primarily European ones, were laid on the territory of Russia, or more precisely in Siberia. If the most ancient European antiquities date back to the 4th millennium BC, then some megaliths of Russia are 10 thousand years old or more. Information about this leaked to the world relatively recently, at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century.

Here is our respected Tomsk historian Georgy Alekseevich Sidorov standing at the “brick” at the base of the wall’s foundation. Impressive? And you say Baalbek, Baalbek.... Yes, Baalbek is just a dwarf in comparison with what is in front of you in the photo. But science doesn’t even notice the elephant!

The photographs below show the most ancient megaliths, which owe their origin to times that are usually called, following biblical traditions, “antediluvian” or “prehistoric”. Recently, the first expedition to Mountain Shoria took place, where a group of researchers led by Tomsk historian Georgy Sidorov found unknown megaliths that could cause another revolution in our consciousness, as happened after the discovery of Arkaim in the south of the Urals in the last quarter of the last century.

Valery Uvarov, speaking about photographs taken during the expedition of Georgy Sidorov, expresses sincere admiration and reverence for the power of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia. The same feelings are experienced by everyone who sees in front of them the giant blocks in the walls of temple buildings and pyramids of ancient Egypt, the giant monoliths of Ollantaytambo or Puma Punku in Peru, not to mention the textbook blocks of Baalbek. More recently, they competed in our consciousness, causing debate about ancient technologies and making us feel awe at the power of the ancient giants, the possible ancestors of modern humanity. But now it turns out that the ancient history of Siberia is much older than that of Egypt, and nothing similar has ever been found on Russian territory.

Alex: White pages of the history of Siberia PART - 3rd

Even official historiography has preserved information about ancient settlements that existed in Siberia and Altai even before Ermak. But for some reason this data has been deprived of the attention of historians, archaeologists and other specialists. Everyone should consider that Siberia is not a historical land...

The assessment of Siberia as a “non-historical land” was first given by one of the creators of the notorious “Norman theory,” a German in Russian service, Gerard Miller. In “History of Siberia” and “Description of the Kuznetsk district of the Tobolsk province in Siberia in its current state, in September 1734.” he only briefly mentions the cities that existed in this territory before the arrival of the Russian people. For example, he notes that in Malyshevskaya Sloboda (which for almost two centuries belonged to the Altai mining plants, now in the Novosibirsk region), “ at the mouth of the Nizhnyaya Suzunka river, 8 versts above the settlement, and near the village of Kulikova, 12 versts above the previous place, on the Ob - you can still see traces of old cities that were built here by the former inhabitants of these places, probably the Kyrgyz. They consist of earthen ramparts and deep ditches with holes dug here and there, over which it seems houses stood«.

Elsewhere, the first historian of Siberia specifies that “ immediately before the Russian conquest of these places... they were owned by the Kyrgyz, a pagan Tatar nation... Here and there traces of old cities and fortifications in which these peoples were located are still found.”.

This approach, when the existence of ancient cities on the territory of Siberia is not denied, but is not particularly of interest to researchers, has persisted to this day. The overwhelming majority of Russian historians still share the assessment given by the “father of the history of Siberia” Gerard Miller as an unhistorical land, and in this regard, they stubbornly do not notice the cities that stood here for hundreds, but whatever! - thousands of years before the appearance of Ermak. Archaeologists, with a few exceptions, have hardly excavated the remains of Russian forts, cities and settlements, although there is a lot of information about these signs of the highest civilization of the peoples who once lived here.

Registration of Siberian cities began in pre-Ermak times. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible ordered the drawing up of the “Big Drawing” of the Russian land. Soon such a map was created, but during the Time of Troubles it disappeared, but the description of the lands was preserved. In 1627, in the Discharge Order, clerks Likhachev and Danilov completed the “Book of the Big Drawing,” in which about a hundred cities are mentioned in the north-west of Siberia alone.

Yes, indeed, when the Cossacks came to Siberia at the beginning of the 17th century, they no longer found large cities. But small fortresses, called towns, they encountered in abundance. Thus, according to the Ambassadorial Order, in the Ob region alone at the end of the 17th century, 94 cities were levied with fur tribute.

On the foundation of the past

In 1940-1941 and 1945-1946, employees of the Abakan Museum under the leadership of L. Evtyukhova excavated the ruins of a palace built around 98 BC, which existed for about a century and was abandoned by people at the turn of the old and new eras. The majestic structure is believed to have belonged to the Chinese general Li Liying. He was the governor of the western Xiongnu lands in the Minusinsk Basin. The palace, which received the name Tashebinsky in literature, was located in the center of a large city with an area of ​​ten hectares. The building itself had 20 rooms, was 45 meters long and 35 meters wide. The building is also characterized by a tiled roof, the total weight of which was about five tons. Surprisingly, two thousand years ago builders managed to create rafters that could withstand such weight.

News about Siberian cities in ancient times came from Arab travelers. Thus, at the turn of the 8th-9th centuries, the Arab Tamim ibn al-Muttavai, traveling from the city of Taraz on the Talas River to the capital city of the Uighurs, Ordu-bylyk on the Orkhon River, reported about the capital of the Kimak king on the Irtysh. 40 days after leaving Taraz, he arrived at the large fortified city of the king, surrounded by cultivated land with villages. The city has 12 huge iron gates, many inhabitants, crowded conditions, lively trade in numerous bazaars.

Al-Muttawai saw a destroyed city in the southwestern Altai, near Lake Zaysan, but could not establish from questioning who built it and when and by whom and when it was destroyed. The richest ore region discovered by Russian ore miners in the Altai Mountains at the beginning of the 18th century, which is now called Rudny Altai, was in fact discovered many centuries before them. The ore miners only rediscovered it. A sure sign of a search was the developments hastily abandoned by ancient people. Who they are is not known for certain to this day; specialists, along with publicists, call them miracles.

Legends about the riches of the Altai Mountains were known even in Ancient Greece. The father of history, Herodotus, wrote about the Arimaspians and the “vultures guarding the gold.”

According to famous scientists Alexander Humboldt, Pyotr Chikhachev and Sergei Rudenko, by Arimaspi and vultures (influenza), Herodotus meant the population of Rudny Altai. In addition, Humboldt and Chikhachev believed that it was the Altai and Ural gold ore deposits that were the main sources of supplying the European Scythians and Greek ancient colonies with gold.

In the Altai Mountains in the first millennium BC there was a rich and vibrant culture, which was discovered by Sergei Rudenko in 1929-1947 during excavations of the Pazyryk mounds. He believes that civilization disappeared in a short time, perhaps as a result of an epidemic, enemy invasion or famine. However, when the Russians found themselves in the south of Siberia, they discovered that the natives, in this case the Shors, were excellent at metal processing. No wonder the first city, founded here in 1618, was built on the site of their town and named Kuznetsk. This is evidenced by the reply submitted to the Siberian order by the Kuznetsk governor Gvintovkin.

Where settlements of ancient people were previously located, Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Barnaul and many other Siberian cities were also built.

For example, it is reliably known that in the area of ​​the Oktyabrskaya metro station in modern Novosibirsk there was a large fortress of the local tribe Tsattyrt (in Russian - Chaty). On June 22, 1589, the 16-year war between the Moscow State and Khan Kuchum ended. Voivode Voeikov gave him a fight on the site of the current Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station. Khan Kuchum hid for some time in the fortress from pursuit, but then decided to leave, parting forever with his Siberian Khanate. Its ruins survived until the arrival of bridge builders. And in 1912, they were described by Nikolai Litvinov, the compiler of the very first directory of Novonikolaevsk. By the way, Nikolai Pavlovich headed the Rubtsovsky district health department in 1924-1926.

However, experts, as if spellbound, continuing to repeat about the “rich history of Siberia,” are reluctant to look into the depths of centuries. It’s as if they are dealing with the legendary city of Kitezh, submerged in a lake...

Russian aborigines

In 1999, an ancient city was discovered, located in the Zdvinsky district of the Novosibirsk region (until 1917 it was the territory of Altai), on the shore of Lake Chicha. The age of the settlement turned out to be sensationally great - the 8th-7th centuries BC, that is, in much earlier times than the appearance of the first cities of the Hunnic era in Siberia has been dated so far. This confirmed the hypothesis that the Siberian civilization is much older than imagined. Judging by the excavations carried out and the fragments of household utensils found, people of almost European appearance lived here. It is possible that Chichaburg was a place where the paths of various peoples crossed, the center of Ancient Siberia.

The first mention of a trade expedition along the Ob River by Russian merchants was noted in 1139. Then the Novgorodian Andriy went to its mouth and brought from there a large load of furs.

It is interesting for us that he discovered a Russian settlement at the mouth of the Ob River, in which there was a trade, where, as it turned out, Russian merchants had long been exchanging their goods for excellent Siberian furs. There is scant information, published, in particular, in Leonid Kyzlasov’s book “Ancient Cities of Siberia”, that Russian merchants in the 12th - early 13th centuries traded with the cities of the Kyrgyz Kaganate. Surprisingly, the perfectly preserved mummies of a woman and a man, discovered in the mid-1990s on the Altai high mountain plateau Ukok, did not belong to the Mongoloid race, but to the Caucasian race. And the jewelry and elegant items of the Scythian, or “animal” style, dug by the mound workers in the ancient burial mounds of Altai, also testify to the high culture of the ancient peoples who lived here, their close ties with the world, in particular with Western Asia.

Not far from the borders of the Altai Territory and Kazakhstan, archaeologists discovered large settlements of the Bronze Age, which they called not entirely successfully - proto-cities or settlements claiming the status of cities. These are unfenced formations occupying unusually large areas - from five to thirty hectares. For example, Kent occupies 30 hectares, Buguly I - eleven, Myrzhik - three hectares. Around the settlement of Kent, within a radius of five kilometers, there were the villages of Bayshura, Akim-bek, Domalaktas, Naiza, Narbas, Kzyltas and others.

Descriptions of both flourishing and destroyed ancient Siberian cities before Ermak can be found in such authors as Tahir Marvazi, Salam at-Tarjuman, Ibn Khordadbeh, Chan Chun, Marco Polo, Rashid ad-Din, Snorri Sturlusson, Abul-Ghazi, Sigismund Herberstein , Milescu Spafariy, Nikolai Witsen. The following names of the disappeared Siberian cities have reached us: Inanch (Inanj), Kary-Sairam, Karakorum (Sarkuni), Alafkhin (Alakchin), Kemijket, Khakan Khirkhir, Darand Khirkhir, Nashran Khirkhir, Ordubalyk, Kamkamchut, Apruchir, Chinhai, Kyan, Ilay , Arsa, Sahadrug, Ika, Kikas, Kambalyk, Grustina, Serpenov (Serponov), Kanunion, Kossin, Terom and others.

newspaper “Altaiskaya Pravda”, 02/04/2011

A large number of previously unadvertised Siberian cities are contained in the Remezov Chronicle, which was first publicly demonstrated by Nikolai Levashov.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” and its three sons can easily be called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps, covering the entire territory of Siberia and distinguished by the abundance and detail of information. The book presents handwritten drawings of the lands: Tobolsk City and suburbs with streets, Tobolsk city, Tara city, Tyumen city, Turin fort, Vekhotursky city, Pelymsky city, and other cities and surrounding areas.

August 12th, 2016

During the discussion of articles by today's seekers of our true past, Tartary-Scythia, many agreed that our history had been rewritten. But some commentators referred to the fact that since all the documents were burned, then... it was better to leave the false story as it is. I had the opportunity to give the floor to the Siberian Old Believer, whose relatives lived on this land for centuries... The text is the author’s without editing!

Inder about Siberia...

“...I am not a Slav. Outwardly, he is 100% white European, looks more like a Swede or Finn, but by birth he is a native Siberian. We lived in Siberia several thousand years before Rus' arose, and even long before the Turkization of Siberia occurred. Quite a lot of us remained here until 400 years ago, when the Russian Cossacks fell from beyond the Urals, systematically exterminating all white pagans, as especially dangerous enemies for Muscovy.

During the time of the Golden Horde, there were 17 of us in the Lukomorsky kingdom alone. And probably tens of thousands of people in total.

We lived well under the Golden Horde. Then, during the decline of the great Siberian kingdoms, we were greatly thinned out by the Dzungar invasions, but they did not reduce us to nothing. But the Russian Cossacks, led by Orthodox priests, did better... Today, there are a little more than 200 blood traditionalists in Western Siberia from the 4 remaining Clans.

But we have preserved most of our tradition, which is still passed down orally through the female line from grandmother to granddaughter, although the old people also know a lot. This is the very foundation that bore fruit in the form of Slavic (pre-Christian) and later Hindu culture and mythology.

Our Tradition is carried on through the Heads of the Root Clans already up to 560-odd generations. And if we take into account that 25 years are taken as one generation - the age of a mature man (previously middle children were born at this age), then it is not difficult to calculate 25x560 = 14,000 years (we do not have chronology from some ancient event, but rather from this day and back to the past).

Once upon a time, there were several large Kingdoms in Siberia - “Yugorye” (Western Siberia and the Urals), “Lukomorye” (the lower reaches of the Ob River and part of the coasts of the northern seas), several “Belogorye” (Siyansky, Mansky, Yanskoye, etc.). ), "Belovodye" (Upper reaches of Iria, part of the Altai Mountains) and other kingdoms. For several centuries, all this was united into the Great Horde (Arda).

The Horde included many kingdoms, khanates, principalities, and was ruled by different rulers from different peoples. “The Golden Horde” is just the successor to this huge military and geopolitical association in the past, which actually appeared on the ruins of those great kingdoms. Europeans, incl. Russians have retained only fragments of memory from this era. Most of all they had contact with Yugorye (Yugra, Ugra). Ugra, Yugra, is the ancient name of the Pechora River. Everything beyond Pechora was simply called Ugra, and the people were called Ugra/Yugora.

The first ancestors who lived in Western Siberia were those who lived near Lukomorye (on the “sea” coast). Lukomorye was subsequently called one of the Great Siberian Kingdoms. This is a rather specific geographical place - the basin of the Ob and Tom rivers. Although there is no smell of the sea here today, nevertheless, according to completely reliable geological data, 14,000 years ago, on the territory of modern Western Siberia, there was a huge reservoir that remained after the melting, still dammed from the north by this glacier. Not a sea, of course, in the literal sense, but still a gigantic pool of water, which we could easily mistake for the sea and preserved in the Ancestral oral tales. Obdora... It was a great principality that was part of Ugorye and for a long time the kingdom of Lukomorye.

Geographically, Obdora was located between the northern Urals and the Gulf of Ob. It was there that Vesey was most numerous, in Obdor. Maybe that’s why they called them “Obda”. The name Obda also somewhat resembles the name of some people. But this is not surprising, because earlier people in Yugorye, most of the wild taiga animals, were called “forest peoples,” practically equating them in importance to their tribes. Of course, there is probably evidence of older traditions that can be verified. But, unfortunately, I have not encountered such things yet.

I won’t undertake to say anything, but many researchers already believe that the ancestors of the Slavs appeared on our continent precisely in the North of Siberia, gradually migrating to the central regions of Eurasia, reaching the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and the North Sea in the west and Atlantic.

In general, we can assume that it was in the middle and lower reaches of the Ob that a certain center was located, from where the ancestors of the Slavs, and possibly the Caucasians in general, later dispersed throughout the world. But where they themselves came here even earlier, even our grandmothers don’t know for sure. They simply say “from the north,” but the North is great... What is preserved in our Tradition has remained almost unchanged for several thousand years, and is partly reminiscent of some traditions that exist today only in India. During this time, Rus' experienced so many influences that many concepts simply turned upside down.

According to official history textbooks, the development of Siberia by Russians begins only with the campaigns of Ermak, the Slavs themselves are territorially limited to some tiny patch around Novgorod and Kyiv.. Not true! Almost the entire Eurasian continent belonged to us and belongs to us! And Russia was and is the geopolitical successor of the Great Arda (Horde).

Old Siberians tell amazing things that do not fit into any existing historical schemes:

*They say that the white population did not come to Siberia from anywhere, but always lived here and, on the contrary, settled from here throughout all lands.

*That we have always lived and still live in Great Arda, only now we call it differently.

*Many other peoples lived with us in Arda. The Tatars are our brothers, but it seems that not all of them, according to them there are “White Tatars”, they are a very related people to us.

Arda is a kind of military and political formation on the territory of the modern CIS...

*In order to control a huge territory, tribute was collected (modern taxes) and there was ALWAYS military service.

*The borders of Arda have been approximately the same for thousands of years. And to this day they have hardly changed.

*On the territory of Western Siberia, Arda has always resisted the Dzungars and hordes of other warlike tribes that came from the territory. modern China.

*They say that in our area there were huge cities, so big that even now there are no such cities.

I myself heard about Asgard of Iria back in childhood; it was a colossal ancient “metropolis”. But no one built anything from stone, because the concepts were such that a person is a Human given to the Soul for an Age, and nothing made with hands should survive the Human Age for a long time.

The figure of Peter I is not very popular among the people. By the way, in our country it was called “Petrushka” with contempt, and in Russia. This historical figure caused perhaps the greatest damage to our common culture with his pro-Western reforms. According to his personal orders, special expeditions were sent to Siberia, the purpose of which was to collect and destroy any documents and artifacts that revealed the ancient history of the Great Siberian Kingdoms. The Church willingly helped this; they even still have documentary orders regarding the pagan antiquities found in the land.

The court “historian” Miller had the direct task of making Siberia a “non-historical land”... And he completely succeeded... Nowadays in Russian textbooks you can’t even find mentions of the huge cities of Tarkh-Taria, although, for example, this information is in the courses of many Western universities where history is taught. They are keeping it quiet only from us. But whoever seeks finds. Even Cossack letters from the times of early expansion have been preserved. Original reports to the Tsar about the Siberian cities they taxed with yasak, numbering more than 70. Seventy cities! And this was during the period of greatest decline of Tarkh-Taria! It is impossible to suspect the Cossacks in the postscripts, since this yasak was strictly taken into account and sent to Muscovy. In essence, these were ordinary tax documents. Most likely, it would be more profitable for them to underestimate the number of captured cities than to overestimate, so this information is completely objective.

In ancient times, our Ancestors were all literate - they had a simple (written) literacy since childhood. Moreover, the inscribed letter was distributed only among ordinary people. Knowledgeable people conveyed messages in the form of knitting.

Hidden in our land is a special “memorial stone”, which, when released from its prison and sees the sun, will speak different languages ​​and reveal great secrets. Anyone who doesn't find him will simply pass by. Those. literally, as soon as the direct rays of the sun touch him, he will begin to “speak” and know secrets, and while he is in prison, he is mute and dull like bottle glass (I quote this almost verbatim).

Yes, many fought. But some have also kept vows of nonviolence for centuries. In my 4 root families there were not only warriors, but also hereditary blacksmiths, and their dynasties came precisely from the gunsmiths of antiquity. Even in stories, I have heard more than once about “snake swords” since childhood. But with the founding of the Golden Horde, for some not entirely clear reasons, military and weapons traditions were cut short. Probably the “Golden Horde” basically adhered to different principles than the “Arda the Great,” in which the culture of traditionalists was actually formed in the form in which it has reached the present day.

Interesting details:

In the main directions where Arda repelled attacks from outside, we exist. points called Kolyvan (Kolovan). My grandmother once told me about what “Kolyvans” are.

This is a very war-related sanctuary... A structure made of logs in special places, inside and outside of which there were places where provisions were dried for campaigns and warriors wounded in battle were laid out for restoration. In which exact places, only special people, sorcerers/magi, knew; a simple person, without knowing, could approach from the wrong side and even die or grow old for many years. And he could have gotten younger! In general, these Kolyvans were quite a scary place, they were very afraid. The Kolyvan Sanctuary did strange and sometimes terrible things around itself...

There the dead came to life and wandered in circles; in some places it was possible to

You could turn gray and grow old, but you could, on the contrary, become younger!

The sanctuary was watched over by the Kolyvan Magi, who knew all the features of this terrible place.

If wells were dug in those places before the construction of Kolyvan, then after its construction,

The water in some of them became “Dead”, and in others “Alive”.

Also, in the “dead places”, soldiers wounded in battle and dying were laid out in rows so that their wounds would heal. And then they were transported to “live” places to gain strength and get back on their feet! The jagged swords there became “younger.” And in “dead” places, raw meat dried out and was taken on military campaigns and to distant outposts, where it did not spoil for months!

And they were always erected where massacres most often took place! There were also “black forges” where blacksmiths-sorcerers forged the most advanced armor and weapons. So in the Novosibirsk region there is Kolyvan..., nearby in the Altai Territory there is also Kolyvan. And the ancient name of the capital of Estonia is Kolyvan.

I’ll tell you a “scary” fairy tale (I heard it from my grandmother as a child),

About how our distant Ancestor went to Kolyvan for “Dead Water”.

“Something bad happened in the family; my younger sister was injured.

She lay wounded, feverish and delirious; in the summer the wounds quickly began to rot.

Knowledgeable people advised to get “dead water” to wash the wounds.

It was possible to get such water only in Kolyvan!

But going to Kolyvan is a terrible test, because... This place in Navier is magical!

So he had to go to Kolyvan.

The Kolyvan Magi showed him a well where the necessary water was.

And they said, “don’t waste time, once you turn the gate, you’ll age five years,

Twice - the same amount... and if you lose the tub, you won’t have time to take it out again, you’ll die of old age on the spot!”

But he was not afraid and went to the well! He brought a full tub of “Dead Water” to the Magi,

But he became completely gray-haired and decrepit, like a hundred-year-old grandfather.

Then the oldest sorcerer, seeing his fearlessness, picked up a white stone and threw it far towards Kolyvan himself, ordering it to be brought to him.

And having gone there as a gray-haired old man, the subject brought the sorcerer a white stone, becoming young again as before! He returned to his native place and brought “Dead Water” and a white stone.

His sister’s wounds on her legs healed quickly as soon as they were washed with this water.

And the stone placed at the head of her instilled strength in her, she became even more beautiful and more cheerful than before!

And this stone was kept in the family as a shrine; it had miraculous healing powers!”

The Chinese Wall, according to some experts in the art of fortification, was originally built as a defensive line to repel attacks not from the North, but from the South and Southeast... This was around the heyday of Arda the Great. Those. There is an opinion that this wall was built by us. Later, it was repeatedly rebuilt and completed by the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom themselves...

Communication between states was much more active than it seems today. And not “500 years before the Cossacks,” but much earlier and more often. The “Northern Sea Route”, according to our stories, existed 3.5 - 5 thousand years ago and caravans from boats traveled by sea, and then up the Siberian rivers and back, regularly. They really lived in villages/fortifications, but there were also surprisingly large cities in Siberia before! Moreover, with a developed communications system, apparently, and even with a kind of prototype of the metro. Due to snowy winters and apparently very chaotic low-rise buildings, moving cargo/goods through narrow streets could be problematic. Therefore, when the city grew to a certain size, tunnels intersecting it were dug from end to end, cross to cross. Moreover, they were very wide - two horse-drawn carts or two war chariots could move freely. There are still legends about these tunnels in Western Siberia.

Many of our Clans preferred to live sedentary lives, without changing places for often hundreds of generations. And their villages were called exactly - Ancestral Villages. Those. It is quite possible to assume that once upon a time, having received from a local ruler the right to land with its subsequent inheritance by descendants, people settled there, and the settlement first took on the appearance of a kind of farm/monastery, then gradually grew and turned from a Family Settlement (estate) into a Village and even Gorodishche. During the time of the ancient kingdoms of Siberia, a maximum of wooden, and even semi-earth buildings were built. It was believed that a dwelling, like Man himself, should last only a century (a human century...). Those. the principle of coexistence and non-harm to the environment was observed.

In addition, the axes needed to build houses were also made from something. Made of iron, of course. On the modern territory of Kuzbass, where there are iron ore deposits and huge reserves of coal, which in some places even reached the surface, the iron industry was very developed in ancient times. It was strategically important, because the territory of western Siberia was constantly subject to raids by tribes from the north. China, and later the Dzungars - weapons were as necessary as air. And in the “Early Bronze Age”, Yugorye and some other ancient kingdoms of Siberia had a huge head start in terms of possessing the most advanced weapons at that time. Almost every second family smelted iron.

A lot of people were blacksmiths. That is why the ancient name of the territory of the Kemerovo region is Kuznetsk land. And individual clans and families and entire villages were engaged in the extraction and import of ore, while others specialized in coal mining (there is a village in our area called Pesteri - an ancient name, where at one time they made the best "pesteri" - birch bark shoulder boxes for carrying coal , not everyone could afford a horse). Others specialized in smelting and blacksmithing. It happened that in every house of some village there was an earthen smelter. Not at all a large furnace with bellows or an underground blower, like they had in Arkaim.

Those who survived in these harsh conditions and have survived to this day, scientists present to us as indigenous inhabitants - but these are mainly Mongoloids and Turks, and the Slavic peoples appeared in Siberia as if after Ermak. But is this really so?

The most famous definition of the names of ancient peoples is the Aryans and Scythians, their artifacts, burials in mounds, leave no doubt that they are Caucasians. But science divides us into two camps: those artifacts that were found in Europe from the Scythians and Aryans are classified as European peoples, and those outside Europe are classified as Turks and Mongoloids. But the new science of genetics has dotted the i’s, although there are attempts at fraud there too. Let's look at the Slavic and other peoples who from ancient times inhabited the vast expanses of Siberia, which have survived to our times.

Ostyaks are the old name of the Ob Ugrians - Khanty and Mansi. Comes from the self-name As-yah - “man from the Big River”. As-ya - that’s what the Ugrians called the Ob River. Samoyed tribes - for example, the Nenets - were called Samoyeds. Ostyak-Samoyeds - Selkups.

And here is what the Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. tells us about the Ostyaks. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron:

"Ostyaks are a Finno-Ugric tribe living along the Ob, Irtysh and their tributaries (Konda, Vasyugan, etc.), in the Tobolsk province and in the Narym district of the province. They are divided into three groups: northern - in the Berezovsky district, eastern - in Surgut, in Narymsky (along the Vasyugan River) and southwestern or Irtysh - in the northern part of the Tobolsk district, along the banks of the Ob, Irtysh, Konda, etc. The name Ostyak is also given to the so-called Yenisei, living in the Tomsk province, on the left bank of the Yenisei and the upper Keti. But this small, endangered people has nothing in common with the real Ostyaks and should be considered related to the Kotts, Koibals and other southern Samoyeds, now Otarized peoples."

And here is what the ancient chronicle says: “The Piebald Horde, the Ostyaks and the Samoyeds do not have a law, but they worship idols and make sacrifices as if they were God.”... This raises the question, what kind of Piebald Horde is this and some of its representatives, the Ostyaks and the Samoyeds? haplogroup N, today they are known as Finno-Ugrians.

But there was another Horde, in Siberia, and it was called the Piebald Horde, its native color was green. The Piebald Horde of Siberia was multinational, some of its tribes were Turks, who gave the color of the banner to many Muslim countries. We find a mention of it, for example, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11th-17th centuries”, from which it is clear that the Piebald Horde existed in Siberia, to the borders of China even in the 17th century: “Drawing ... to the Moscow state ... from the Ob River up the Ob Obdorsk and Ugra and Siberian lands to Narym, to the Piebald Horde" (790), p. 64.

The Piebald Horde in Siberia is kept silent or data about it is distorted; in the evidence about the past of this Horde, many of its military detachments served in Rus'-Horde. These some tribes appear under the names MADIARS, MADJARS, MOGOLS, MONGOLS, UGRICS, BASHKIRS, YASYS, YAZYGS, HUNGARS, HUNGERS, KUNS, HUNNS, PECHENEGS. For example, among them there was a warrior tribe whose banner depicted a dog; for them it was a cult animal. That’s why in Europe they were called dog heads, from the dog’s head. The last time the Czech Cossacks were called “hods”, i.e. foot soldiers. Khody Cossacks lived along the border of the Czech Republic and Bavaria. They maintained the typical Cossack way of life at least until the mid-seventeenth century. The last time the Psoglav Cossacks carried out their military service was in 1620, when the Czech Republic lost its national independence. But they should not be confused with dogheads - in the Middle Ages these were rare wild people, presumably Neanderthals.

All of these peoples listed above, in the past Scythians, Sarmatians, Aryans... It was in the Piebald Horde of Siberia that the scattered troops of Razin, and then Pugachev, recruited reinforcements to their ranks and went to China, where they united with the Manzhurs, which indicates that that manzhurs were their own for the Volga, Yaitsky and Siberian Cossacks, as well as for the Kalmyks. By the way, the Kalmyks who lived in the Don region in Russia until 1917 were in the rank of Cossacks.

In their culture, religion, way of life and appearance, members of the piebald hordes were radically different from the peoples of Central Europe. Therefore, contemporaries perceived their appearance in the region as a bright event and reflected it in their testimonies. Men of the piebald hordes were mainly carriers of haplogroup R1a1. Therefore, their descendants do not stand out among modern Europeans and Hungarians. Among the latter, according to some data, 60% (sample of 45 people) are carriers of haplogroup R1a1 (Semino, 2000, The genetic), according to others (sample of 113 people) - 20.4% (Tambets, 2004).

In the 15th century, descendants of the piebald hordes of Hungary took part in the Balkan wars and the Turkish conquest of Byzantium. Most likely, the word TURKS was one of their names. Some of the Hungarian participants in these wars remained in the Balkans and Anatolia. After the separation from the Rus-Horde of the Attoman Empire, the territory of the Middle Danube Plain became part of it. After the defeat of the Turkish army near Vienna in 1683, the gradual transition of the plain territory under the rule of Vienna began. Some people from the Piebald Horde tribes retained their colors on the flags of now different countries, here are some of them.

A significant part of the Russian people are infected with centuries-old Turkophobia, brought from Byzantium by Greek missionaries, who gradually imposed their revanchism on the Russians for their loss. Therefore, for a Russian person, instead of recognizing part of his Turkic roots, it is more pleasant to consider all Scythians and Sarmatians as Slavs, separating them from the Turks, and in fact, from himself too. The influence of Byzantine revanchism on the course of Russian history and the Russian spirit is another big topic, by the way an unexplored topic, but what does genetics tell us about this?

Let's take a look at the fossil haplotypes of the Scythians of haplogroup R1a (3800-3400 years ago):

13 25 16 11 11 14 10 14 11 32 15 14 20 12 16 11 23 (Scythians, Andronovo culture).

In the same work, excavations were carried out dating back to 2800-1900 years ago, in the burials of the Tagar culture, in the same territory, and again only haplotypes of the R1a group were discovered. Although a thousand to one and a half thousand years have passed, the haplotypes have remained almost the same:

13 24/25 16 11 11 14 10 13/14 11 31 15 14 20 12/13 16 11 23 (Tagarians, R1a).

There are a couple of variants of mutations, the alleles (as these numbers are called) have begun to diverge slightly, but even then not for everyone. Double values ​​are variants of different haplotypes from excavations, or uncertainty in identification. So, indeed, the haplotypes are very similar, despite the rather large time distance, 1000-1500 years. This is the reliability of haplotypes - they change slightly over time. If they have changed in several markers, then millennia have passed. What is also important here is that after more than a thousand years, Scythians of the same genus, R1a, continue to live in the same places. Tens of generations have passed, and the Scythians in Altai have the same DNA genealogical lines. Time: 1st millennium BC - beginning of the 1st millennium AD, “official” Scythian times.” And here:

13/14 25 16 11 11 14 10 12/13 X 30 14/15 14 19 13 15/16 11 23 (Germany, R1a, 4600 years).

They turned out to be very similar to the haplotype of the common ancestor of haplogroup R1a among ethnic Russians, that is, Eastern Slavs, to which modern haplotypes converge:

13 25 16 11 11 14 10 13 11 30 15 14 20 12 16 11 23 (ethnic Russians R1a).

Only two alleles (as these numbers are called) in fossil haplotypes differ from the haplotypes of ethnic Russians, and they are highlighted in bold.

Two mutations between the haplotypes mean that the common ancestor of the “proto-Slavic” and “proto-German” haplotypes lived about 575 years before them, that is, about 5000 years ago. This is determined quite simply - the mutation rate constant for the given haplotypes is equal to 0.044 mutations per haplotype per conditional generation of 25 years. Therefore, we find that their common ancestor lived 2/2/0.044 = 23 generations, that is, 23x25 = 575 years before them. This places their common ancestor at (4600+4800+575)/2 = 5000 years ago, which is consistent (within error limits) with the independently determined “age” of the common ancestor of the R1a genus on the Russian Plain.

We look above at the haplotype from Germany and at the haplotypes of the Eastern Slavs, for comparison with the haplotypes of the Scythians from the Minusinsk Basin:

13 25 16 11 11 14 10 14 11 32 15 14 20 12 16 11 23 (Scythians, R1a)

The difference between the haplotype of the Scythians and the haplotype of the common ancestor of the Slavs is only in the pair 14-32 in fossil haplotypes (noted) and 13-30 in the ancestors of the Russian Slavs.

In other words, the Eastern Slavs and the Scythians of the Minusinsk Basin are not only one genus, R1a, but also a direct and fairly close relationship at the haplotype level.

Below are examples of modern haplotypes of their direct descendants:

13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 32 - India
13 25 15 10 11 14 12 13 10 14 11 32 - Iran
13 25 16 11 11 13 12 12 11 14 11 32 - UAE
13 24 15 10 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 32 - Saudi Arabia
13 25 16 11 11 14 Х Х 10 14 11 32 - Fossil haplotype of the Scythians, 3800-3400 years old.

And among the Kyrgyz, this haplotype is ancestral for the entire Kyrgyz population of haplogroup R1a-L342.2:
13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 32 - 15 9 11 11 11 23 14 21 31 12 15 15 16 with a common ancestor who lived 2100, give or take 250 years ago. "Classical" times of the Scythians, the end of the last era. It turns out that the Kyrgyz haplogroup R1a (of which they have a lot) are direct descendants of the ancient Scythians.

So we come to the conclusion that with regard to the origin of clans and tribes, haplogroups and subclades in DNA genealogy, the concepts of Aryans, Scythians, and Eastern Slavs are interrelated and interchangeable in a number of contexts. We simply attribute them to different time periods, and sometimes to different territories. This is exactly what we refer to, to simplify the consideration, but rather, on the basis of the established traditions of historical science. It is clear that the Kyrgyz are not Slavs, just as the Slavs and Arabs are not. But they are all descendants of Aryan common ancestors. These are branches of the same tree, the Slavs and Scythians are descendants of the same common ancestors, the Aryans, carriers of haplogroup R1a.

Below is a table of the frequency of key haplogroups of the Y-chromosome of the peoples of Eurasia (Tambets, 2004)

Let's continue.

It is surprising that in Russian cartography and historical science the name of the country or locality on the territory of Siberia - Lukomoria - was not known. Consequently, Western cartographers used earlier, long before Ermak, information about Lukomoria.

On the map of 1683 by J. Cantelli, south of Lucomoria, the inscription Samaricgui (or Samariegui) is made. Tomsk Doctor of Historical Sciences, Galina Ivanovna Pelikh (1922 - 1999), recently found out who or what Samariks are. She published a detailed article about the first Russian settlers, who were called Samaras and who, according to legend, came to Siberia from the Samara River, which flows into the Dnieper on the left. But was this really so? Galina Pelikh began to study this issue and suggested that the departure of the Samars in the troubled 13th-14th centuries due to the Don to Siberia could be caused by the fact that “terrible wars” began there. This is probably why the name of these people as Cheldon-Chaldon (people from the Don) took root in Siberia. But Don in Old Russian means river, and wherever rivers flow, they are commonly called Don (water). From here: to the bottom, bottom, ship, etc. Along with the general name, the rivers were given a name.

When examining these names on maps of the world, both known and unknown authors from the collection of Count Vorontsov, the localization of Grustina on them is less certain and changes along the Ob from Lake Zaisan to the mouth of the Irtysh. In addition to Grustina, all these maps indicate the city of Cambalech (Khanbalyk), located in the upper reaches of the Ob and Serponov, changing its location from the upper reaches of Keti to the upper reaches of Poluy.

After Ermak, Russian settlers, having met their bloodmates in Siberia, called them Chaldons and Kerzhaks. They differed from each other as follows: Kerzhaks are Old Believers who fled to Siberia from religious oppression, Chaldons are old-timers of Siberia who have lived here from time immemorial, mixed with settlers from the Don, Dnieper and Samara, who were also forced to leave their homes due to religious wars associated with the Christianization of Rus'. Therefore, in Siberia it is customary to call chaldons the old-timers and descendants of the first Russian settlers, who distinguish themselves from the Siberian Cossacks and indigenous inhabitants.

Galina Ivanovna Pelikh successfully worked in the city of Tomsk for a long time; she was a wonderful ethnographer, professor at the Department of Archeology and History of Local History at Tomsk University. She specialized in studying the life, language, history and culture of the Selkups, a small people of the North.

For a long time, this people of the Samoyed linguistic group has lived in two isolated enclaves. One part is in the upper reaches of the Taz River and in the subpolar Yenisei, and the other is in the middle reaches of the Ob, or rather in the Tomsk region.
During her scientific life, Galina Ivanovna traveled to many remote places in Western Siberia. Among her respondents and casual acquaintances during the expeditions there were also Russian old-timers Chaldons.

She also met those who had nothing to do with the peoples who fled to Siberia due to religious oppression. Also, they had nothing to do with the Cherdyns, Mezens and Ustyuzhans, etc.
But what kind of people are these, chaldons?

Galina Ivanovna, on her scientific expeditions, simultaneously wrote down the stories, traditions and legends of the Chaldon old-timers. Shortly before her death, she finally found time to escape from Selkup topics and pay attention to the materials on chaldons that had accumulated over decades. She wrote: “I had to repeatedly visit various villages of the Middle Ob region over the course of 30 years (starting from the 40s), collecting material on the ethnography of the Narym Selkups. The Russian population of those places was of little interest to me. Now, when looking at the expeditionary materials of past years, we discovered numerous references to certain Kayalovs and a number of stories recorded from their words, both about the Selkups and about the Siberian old-timers themselves, the Kayalovs, and about their distant ancestral home on the Kayal River."

For specialists studying the history of Siberia, her article “The Ob Kayalovs about the Kayal River” had the effect of a bomb exploding. True, most scientists have not expressed their assessment of this material, powerful in its significance, but small in volume. Maybe they never read it, or maybe they didn’t want to read it. Not all though. Professor of Tomsk and Altai State Universities Alexey Mikhailovich Maloletko, did a lot to popularize Galina Ivanovna’s discoveries, and was also able to offer his vision on the history of the origin of chaldons. His article “The First Russian Colony in Siberia” found a great response from readers. Long before these authors, Mikhail Fedorovich Rosen, an Altai scientist and local historian, drew attention to reports from many Doermakov sources about ancient geographical names familiar to European Russia, common in Siberia: “Lukomorye”, “Samara”, “Grustina”, etc.

The Stolypin reform and the events of the Soviet period completely destroyed the usual way of life in Chaldon villages. Currently, there are practically no such settlements left in Siberia. Some of the settlers who joined the Siberian old-timers retained legends about their past. Galina Ivanovna had the fortunate opportunity to record the legends and stories of some of the Chaldons, who have preserved a stable oral tradition of their own history.

According to their stories, the Chaldons came to Siberia 10-15 generations before Ermak, i.e. no later than the 13th century. The narrators conveyed oral information to Galina Pelikh about only a few families (clans), citing that they came to Siberia in places that had long been occupied by other Chaldon families. Before that, they lived in the Black Sea steppes between the Don and Dnieper rivers. There they were called "Samaras" and called "Pajo".

According to the Kayalovs, in their old homeland around them lived Russian people like them, who called themselves “Samaras”: “There were a lot of Samaras there!” The Kayalovs themselves lived on a tributary of the Samara River, which flows into the Dnieper. She had a name - Kayala. They took their surname from the name of this river. Its name in this form has not been preserved to this day.

The Chaldons were mostly pagans, only some of them, being settlers, were Christianized in ancient times. But due to the lack of communication with religious centers, their Christian faith degenerated, creating a kind of simplified symbiosis of paganism with elements of Christianity.

The official church could not allow this, considering them pagans and apostates, and therefore the word “chaldon” in the mouths of the Cossacks and other Siberian new settlers began to deliberately have a mocking, derogatory character: narrow-minded, stubborn, underdeveloped.

These factors influenced not only the negative attitude towards the Chaldons, but also the silencing of their merits in the development of Siberia. Not a single chronicle, not a single document of the Muscovite kingdom speaks directly about the early Chaldonian population of Siberia, as well as about other Russian peoples and the Cossacks of Siberia, even before Ermakov’s times. Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov has some information about Chaldons and Samaras in his “History of Siberia” and in some other Russian documents of the 16th-17th centuries.

On the map of the Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius, published eleven years before Ermak’s campaign, the settlement of Tsingolo (Chaldons) was shown in the Middle Ob region.

Galina Pelikh noted that some Chaldons divide themselves into two groups. Those who came from the Don called themselves chaldons. And those who came “from beyond the Don” are Samaras. Both groups make fun of each other for their way of speaking, habits, etc. But among the newcomers, there were also indigenous people, those who were joined by the settlers. These indigenous people, who previously had no name, were in even more ancient times called Sindons, Issedons, they are also Sers with localization of residence in the country of Serika (Siberia) - the direct ancestors of the Serbs.

If you remember, in Scythian times, on the territory of what is now Siberia, lived what scientists call them - Andronovo people. Some of them moved to the territory of present-day India and it was there that their language, called Sanskrit, was preserved, and in fact this is the ancient Russian language. But no matter what they are called, these are those ancient proto-Russian peoples, a small part of which have survived to our times. This is an illustrative example of the same language group, when our ancestors settled India (Dravidia), Old Russian and Sanskrit will be understandable to you without translation. Another indicative example is the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some of the Proto-Slavic peoples from India moved back, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled on the territory of the Kuban, these were the Sinds. Afterwards they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Around the 13th century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they began to be called Zaporozhye Cossacks. But the proto-Slavic peoples of Siberia, who made a long transition to India, and then to the Kuban, for a long time among the rest of the Cossacks of Russia were called Tartars, and then Tatars.

Continuation

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