Features of diet for chronic renal failure. Kidney failure - controlled with diet Diet for kidney failure with protein restriction

Patients with chronic renal failure are forced to constantly take medications and be under medical supervision. An important place in complex treatment is occupied by diet for chronic renal failure. Table No. 7, as well as No. 7 A and No. 7 B are prescribed for impaired renal function.

It makes itself felt by disruption of all kidney functions. The reasons can be very diverse: poisoning of the body, injuries, nephritis, acute infectious diseases. This condition is caused by diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis and cancer.

When proteins are broken down and body cells are destroyed, urea is formed. With kidney failure, urea becomes more concentrated and poisons the body.

The body suffers most when diuresis decreases. The duration of the period is 20 days. During this time, the water-salt balance is disrupted, waste accumulates in the blood, tissues swell, and acidosis develops.

The symptoms of nausea are pronounced, the person vomits, so the diet must be special. Despite the lack of appetite, protein must enter the body. Without amino acids, metabolism is disrupted and all systems suffer.

The chronic stage of renal failure is distinguished by the fact that kidney function is not completely restored, the state of health can only be maintained.

CRF is additionally accompanied by anemia; as the disease progresses, the creatinine level drops.

Drinking regime for chronic renal failure

You can drink still water. You should avoid sodium mineral water. You should also avoid drinking strong tea and coffee; a complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages is required.

The permissible amount of liquid drunk per day is not standardized. The patient is allowed to drink half a liter more fluid today than was excreted yesterday.

If your limbs begin to swell and your blood pressure rises, limit the amount of salt and liquid you consume.

Nutrition for acute renal failure

In the acute phase, the patient’s condition is corrected using diet No. 7 A.

Nutrition principles:

1. Eat more carbohydrates, which provide basic energy. These are vegetables, rice, fruits, sugar, honey. The body also receives energy from vegetable fats, namely butter or vegetable oil.
2. Reduce the amount of potassium and magnesium intake.
3. For anuria, reduce sodium intake.
4. Eliminate salt from your diet.
5. First introduce half a liter of liquid, then the volume is regulated by the doctor depending on the manifestation of diuresis. It is recommended to drink still water, nectars, weak teas, and kefir.
6. The daily protein intake should not exceed 20 g.

When the disease has passed its peak period and the body has begun to recover, a transition is made to table No. 7 B. The amount of salt in the diet increases, and the protein content reaches 40 g.

After the tests are normalized, the doctor transfers the patient to table No. 7. It must be observed for at least one year. If renal failure is mild, then table No. 7 is followed from the first day of treatment, but with the exception of foods containing potassium.

Proper nutrition for chronic renal failure

There should be minimal stress on the kidneys. Pay attention to the principles of the diet for chronic renal failure that are used in the diet.

Depending on the severity of the disease, protein is limited. The more severe the patient's condition, the less protein can be consumed. Protein should be easily absorbed by the body, so eggs and milk are the main sources of amino acids. It is not prohibited to consume vegetable proteins.

Before consumption, meat and fish are boiled and stewed or baked to remove excess extractive substances from the products. To prevent protein restriction from harming health, analogues of histidine and essential amino acids are introduced.

The calcium necessary for the body is obtained from vegetables, dairy products, and eggs. Calcium carbonate is easily absorbed and removes phosphorus from the intestines. The dose and course of administration are determined by the doctor depending on the clinical picture.

A gentle regimen for CKD involves reducing the intake of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, you need to give up sea fish, cottage cheese, cheese, whole grain bread, cereals, bananas, bran, nuts, and fruit juices.

Potassium should also be supplied to the body in minimal quantities. Otherwise, hyperkalemia may develop. It is found in large quantities in dried fruits, fresh fruits, and vegetables.

Fresh greens, onions and garlic are prohibited. This is due to the presence of essential oils in them.

Due to a large number of restrictions, the body may lack energy, so it is necessary to introduce polyunsaturated fatty acids into the diet. Together with carbohydrates, they allow protein to be better absorbed.

If the diet does not allow you to get the daily calorie intake, in the first half of the day the consumption of protein, sour cream, and honey increases. Preference is given to complex carbohydrates; it is worth giving up refractory fats.

For diabetes mellitus, butter, margarine, sugar, honey, rice, semolina and pearl barley, juices, and fruits are excluded from the diet.

The menu for the week is developed depending on the daily requirement of kilocalories. With chronic renal failure it is 2700 kcal. If the body receives insufficient calories, it begins to use its own resources, in particular. tissue proteins. The breakdown of proteins leads to an increase in the level of nitrogen in the blood, which aggravates the patient’s situation. Therefore, beneficial substances should be supplied to the body regularly throughout the day, the number of meals should be at least 4-5.

Fasting days

In case of chronic renal failure, the diet is supplemented by the introduction of fasting days. There can be from one to three of them per week. On these days, only one low-calorie product is eaten.

On a vegetable day - 1.5 kg of vegetables. They are boiled or made into salads with vegetable oil. On this day you can eat only cucumbers, pumpkin, potatoes, each serving is about 300-400 g. Vegetable dishes are not salted.

A fasting day can be spent drinking only juices, vegetable and fruit, always unsweetened. Instead of each meal, drink 200 ml of weakly concentrated juice.

Unloading can also be done using apples, strawberries, grapes, and watermelon. Each meal includes 300 g of fruit.

Nutrition depending on the degree of chronic renal failure

• CRF 1st degree. Amino acids are not prescribed. The daily protein intake is about 50 g; bread is replaced with protein-free bread.
• CRF stage 2. Amino acid supplements are prescribed to remove phosphates from the intestines. The amount of protein and phosphorus decreases. You can eat beef, fish, rice, potatoes. The consumption of egg yolk, meat, cheeses, and milk is limited.
• CRF stage 3. The amount of protein per day ranges from 20 to 40 grams, depending on the patient’s well-being and tests. The emphasis is on animal proteins.

The less urine is excreted, the less salt you can consume. To normalize the level of iron and calcium in the blood, synthetic drugs are prescribed, as well as complexes of vitamins and microelements.

If you first boil or stew fresh vegetables and fruits, their potassium content will decrease. To improve the taste, you can add spices and sweet and sour sauces to dishes.

• 4th degree of chronic renal failure. The menu is rich in carbohydrates and fats. Hemodialysis is added to the course of treatment. The procedure provokes the removal of amino acids and other essential elements from the body, so more protein is introduced into the diet.

Since the digestive organs are affected, the patient loses appetite, taste sensations change, and the diet should be light.

Special dietary nutrition is prescribed for diabetes mellitus. This condition is called diabetic nephropathy. The amount of carbohydrates in nephropathy should be kept to a minimum.

Sugar, sweet fruits, and flour products are considered diabetic foods, so you should avoid them. It is important to avoid sudden increases in blood sugar levels.

Unlike many other treatment tables, the diet for kidney failure is characterized by a very high-calorie diet. Why is that? The fact is that if a sufficient amount of calories does not enter the body with food, it will begin to use internal resources - proteins, which, breaking down, will increase the urea content in the blood. The patient will begin to weaken and lose weight. And only a high-calorie menu will allow you to avoid this negative process - urea nitrogen will go to the formation of new protein molecules, and its content in the blood will not increase.

I would like to immediately note that the diet for chronic renal failure should be used only by people suffering from this particular disease - treatment tables No. 7a and 7b in no case apply to any other kidney diseases (pyelonephritis, kidney stones, etc.).

This disease is caused by irreversible damage to the kidneys, during which the processes of removing metabolic products from them such as uric acid, urea, and creatinine are disrupted. Against this background, the water and electrolyte balance in the body is seriously disturbed. Therefore, the basics of rational nutrition involve reducing consumption:

• salt (no more than 1-2 g per day, and ideally switch to)
• excess protein (no more than 20-70 g of protein per day, with preference given to vegetable protein)
• potassium
• liquids (no more than 1 liter per day)

At the same time, the diet for renal failure should include:

• fractional 5-6 meals a day
• Increased energy value of food (up to 2700-3000 kcal per day) due to increased consumption of carbohydrates and fats
• sufficient content of vegetables and fruits in the daily menu (taking into account their content of proteins, salts and vitamins)
• special culinary processing, which is designed to improve appetite - baking, boiling followed by frying, adding seasonings, spices, and spices to dishes. A diet for acute renal failure involves avoiding raw fruits and vegetables - cooking compotes, soups, etc. will reduce the potassium content in products almost widow's

Nutrition for chronic renal failure: list of prohibited foods

1. Drinks: alcohol, strong coffee, cocoa, tea, hot chocolate.
2. Salty snacks.
3. Refractory fats (beef, pork, lamb) and broths based on them.
4. Mushrooms and mushroom broth.
5. Sorrel, spinach, cauliflower and other foods rich in purine and oxalic acid.
6. Legumes, pasta, cereals.
7. Sausages, smoked meats, canned products.
8. Bananas, apricots, dried apricots, prunes, raisins.
9. Irritant seasonings: mustard, horseradish.
10. Garlic, radish, radish, turnip.

Diet for chronic renal failure: allowed foods

1. Starch cereals (sago) and dishes made from it, rice.
2. Bran, salt-free, protein-free bread (in particular from corn flour).
3. Vegetarian and fruit soups.
4. Meat: lean beef, veal, rabbit, chicken, turkey.
5. Fish: lean (roach, pike, pike perch, perch, navaga).
6. Vegetables: potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin, green onions, parsley, dill.
7. Eggs: egg white omelette (but no more than 1 egg per day).
8. Dairy products: milk, cream, sour cream, kefir, yogurt, acidophilus (all in limited quantities)
9. Drinks: diluted juices from fruits and vegetables, weak tea, rose hip decoction.
10. Jelly, mousses and other dishes from fruits, berries in starch, honey, sugar, jam, jam. Melon and watermelon are especially useful.
11. Candies, sweets.
12. Spices: allspice, black pepper, bay leaf, cloves, cinnamon, vanillin.

This is what a diet for kidney failure looks like. Before planning a menu, be sure to visit your doctor - he will conduct the appropriate research and be able to more accurately suggest what calorie intake you should focus on, depending on the stage and nature of the disease.

When kidney failure is diagnosed, a person is faced with the fact that he should completely reconsider his diet. This pathology is associated with a condition of the organs in which the kidneys are not able to function normally. Basically, the problem appears against the background of another developing disease.

The form of the pathology can be acute or chronic. The first occurs completely suddenly due to shock or poisoning. And the second gradually reduces the functionality of the kidneys, during which the tissue gradually dies. The article discusses the issue of proper renal failure menu.

Reason for violation

It should be noted that the disease appears for various reasons. The acute phase of renal failure can be triggered by:

• problems associated with heart failure, arrhythmia and reduced circulatory volume;
• kidney infections, such as pyelonephritis or nephritis;
• pathologies that impede the patency of the genitourinary system.

The chronic form is associated with urolithiasis, metabolic disorders, diabetes, vascular pathologies, rheumatic and genetic diseases.

It is clear that the disease is associated with the fact that the body is not able to cope with its main functions, which include digestion and absorption of substances. That is why a special diet for renal failure should be considered, the menu of which will be discussed below.

Basics of proper nutrition

All nutrition should be based on removing the maximum load from the kidneys and relieving the person of swelling, if any. To do this, you should consume no more than 60 grams of animal protein per day. Sometimes the dose is reduced to 40 grams. It is advisable to obtain the necessary amino acids from fish, meat or poultry. Salt intake should be kept under strict control. The maximum allowable amount should be no more than one gram per day. But, of course, this is individual, depending on how long the body is able to retain liquid.

Despite the low protein intake, the daily calorie intake should be quite high. It is obtained from fats and carbohydrates. Thus, it is recommended to eat protein-free bread made from wheat and corn flour, rice noodles and starch mousses. In addition, the diet should contain vitamins obtained from berries and fruits, as well as freshly squeezed juices.

At the same time, you should completely avoid those drinks and foods that irritate the kidneys. These include:

• alcohol;
• thick broths;
• chocolate;
• Black tea;
• hot spices;
• smoked meats, as well as pickled and canned products.

The following are allowed in small quantities:

• fatty fish;
• caviar;
• legumes;
• fermented milk products;
• dried fruits;
• nuts;
• seeds.

Nutrition at the onset of the disease

If the disease has just arisen, then a diet for renal failure should be prescribed. The menu will include familiar dishes, but a small portion of them will be slightly changed. For example, protein is reduced to 70 grams per day. Sometimes experts use a formula according to which the amount of biologically active substance consumed depends on a person’s weight.

The main part should be of plant origin (for example, vegetables, cereals, lentils and beans, as well as nuts). These products have many alkaline compounds, due to which they are better removed from the body. Initially, salt intake is reduced quite a bit. It is allowed to eat up to 6 grams of it daily with food. And if urine output is increased, then more salt can be consumed.

The diet should contain more vegetables and fruits. It is good to make salads from the former, pouring them with olive or other vegetable oil. It is also useful to do fasting days, which are arranged once a week. At this time, they eat, for example, watermelon, apples or pumpkin. The amount of fluid you drink during the day should be 500 milliliters more than what is excreted from the body.

Menu at the initial stage of the disease

For a day, you can offer a person who has this stage of the disease the following menu:

• Breakfast consists of light tea with honey or jam, a boiled chicken egg and a couple of boiled potatoes.
• For a snack, drink herbal tea and eat sour cream or yogurt.
• They have lunch with a bowl of soup and vegetable stew.
• For dinner, you can eat rice porridge with milk and drink a cup of tea with jam.

Chronic stage

With this disease, kidney function becomes worse and worse. At this stage it is necessary more than in the previous case. The body is poisoned by its own metabolic products, which causes damage to many internal organs. In addition to carefully calculating the daily dose of proteins, unsalted foods should be consumed. Milk, vegetables and fruits, as well as mushrooms are significantly reduced in quantity. Some foods need to be completely excluded from the diet. These include bananas, apricots, dried fruits, spicy foods and sausages. You are allowed to drink tomato, apple, cherry and lemon juices.

Menu for the chronic stage of the disease

At the same time, you should receive up to 3000 kilocalories per day. An approximate menu for the day could be as follows:

• Breakfast consists of vegetable salad with rice pudding and tea.
• For a snack, you can eat grated carrots with sugar.
• For lunch they prepare vegetable soup, boiled poultry and boiled potatoes, and for dessert they drink a glass of compote.
• The afternoon snack includes a decoction of wheat with sugar or jelly made from berries.
• For dinner, boil a chicken egg and make pancakes with tea.

Acute stage

During periods of exacerbation, a person may have no appetite at all. In this case, nausea and even vomiting often occur. Naturally, at such moments you don’t want to eat. However, this is necessary, since the feeling of hunger and thirst increases and the exchange of minerals and nitrogen is even more disrupted. Protein in the diet should be approximately 20 grams per day. You can drink milk, eat eggs, cream and sour cream, as well as berries, fruits, honey, butter and rice.

Diet for kidney failure: menu

An approximate menu per day in this case could be as follows:

• Breakfast consists of tea with whole grain bread and fruit.
• You can have yogurt for a snack.
• For lunch, they make quenelles from potatoes and flour, as well as a salad with vegetables and jelly from berries.
• For an afternoon snack, they eat berries, such as blueberries, blueberries and strawberries.
• Dinner may consist of steamed fish cutlets and vegetables.

For diabetics

In the morning, it is best for diabetics to eat porridge and drink weak tea without sugar. Between breakfast and lunch you can eat fruit, such as a tangerine or orange. An ideal lunch will be made from borscht cooked in vegetable broth, as well as a glass of compote. For an afternoon snack, drink a glass of vegetable juice and eat chicken, vegetable salad and drink herbal tea.

Table 7

At the initial stage of diabetes, diet No. 7 is the most common. It usually consists of the following products:

• In the morning they eat a hard-boiled egg, buckwheat and drink tea.
• Baked pumpkin is prepared for a snack.
• Lunch consists of milk soup, poultry, casserole and fruit drink.
• For afternoon snack - orange.
• For dinner, make a vinaigrette, boil the fish and drink a glass of yogurt.

Let's look at several recipes for preparing dishes for kidney failure, which are included both in table 7 and other diets.

First meal

Vegetable soup, broth, vegetarian borscht, cabbage soup, etc. are prepared as hot first courses. Here are some recipes.

For vegetable soup, take one hundred grams of potatoes and white cabbage, 60 grams of carrots, a glass of milk, 30 grams of butter and a decoction of vegetables. Peeled vegetables are boiled, grated on a sieve and added to the broth, into which heated milk is poured. All ingredients are boiled for several minutes.

Vegetarian borscht includes the following products: 150 grams of potatoes, beets and white cabbage, 100 grams of tomatoes, 50 grams of carrots and sour cream, as well as 30 grams of onions, butter and herbs. The vegetables are chopped, and the beets are grated on a coarse grater and boiled. Before serving, add chopped herbs and sour cream to the dish.

The first course can also be prepared with fruit. To do this, take one hundred grams of currants, apples and plums, orange peels, cream and half a dessert spoon of starch. The fruits are washed, pitted and peeled. Then they are boiled, after which they are brewed in starch, which is diluted in cold water, seasoned with orange peels, sugar and cream is added to taste.

Second courses

The second courses can be especially varied. They prepare, for example, boiled meat or meat puree, boiled fish with vegetables, buckwheat, rice and oatmeal porridge, casseroles, baked apples, sauces with sour cream or milk.

To prepare meat puree, take 120 grams of beef, 40 grams of bechamel sauce and a few grams of butter. The meat is boiled, then passed through a meat grinder three times, sauce is added and ground. In addition to the sauce, you can simply pour meat broth into the dish.

Fish with vegetables is prepared as follows: take 700 grams of pike, cod, bream or pike perch, 200 grams of celery and carrots, and 100 grams of parsley. First, the fish is washed, dressed and cut. Then they wash, peel, cut the vegetables and stew a little. When half-ready, fish is added to them and simmered all together. Before serving, add greens.

You can also cook porridge. Take 20 grams of cereal, one hundred milliliters of milk, six grams of sugar, up to five grams of butter and 120 milliliters of water. Slowly pour the cereal into boiling water, stirring the contents until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Then the pan is placed on low heat and left for another hour. The finished porridge is rubbed through a sieve, milk and sugar are added and cooked for a few more minutes.

To prepare baked apples, besides themselves, you only need sugar. The core is removed from the fruit and placed on a baking sheet into which 200 milliliters of water is poured. The apples are sprinkled with sugar, slightly browned in the oven, then sugar is added again and finished baking.

Beverages

It is useful to make herbal teas, infusions and compotes.

So, an infusion of rose hips is prepared as follows: for one liter of liquid, take one hundred grams of fruit and the same amount of sugar. After washing the rosehip and pouring boiling water over it, place it in a saucepan, fill it with hot water and boil with the lid closed for ten minutes. Then remove from heat and leave to infuse for a day.

Berry jelly is very useful. To do this, take three glasses of blueberry, currant and raspberry juice, three-quarters of a glass of potato starch and one hundred grams of sugar. Add water to the juice to make three glasses, add sugar and put on fire, bringing to a boil. Then it is slowly poured into a container with three-quarters of cold water and starch. Kissel is served chilled.

They also prepare all kinds of compotes from fresh berries and fruits.

Explanations

Those who suffer from this disease are always faced with the question of what to eat if they have kidney failure. For example, I wonder why dried fruits and bananas are prohibited?

To answer this question, you need to understand the course of the disease. During this time, the body is very weakened, mainly due to excessive amounts of potassium entering the bloodstream. Since this substance cannot be excreted by the kidneys, the intake of the microelement must be reduced. Potassium is found in large quantities in dried fruits, legumes, and bananas. That is why these products should not be eaten.

A minimum amount of salt is allowed because this substance is capable of retaining fluid in the body. Its excess will lead to severe edema and hypertension. Of course, this will have a very negative impact on the functioning of such important organs as the kidneys.

Conclusion

Thus, when choosing a diet and learning what not to eat if you have kidney failure, you should consider many factors and conditions. So, it is important to know about all concomitant diseases, if any, their form and stage of development. Only in this case can we count on the fact that a restrained diet will be correct and will produce a truly effective effect, helping a person cope with his illness.

Chronic renal failure is a complication of various kidney diseases with severe damage to their functions. Products of protein metabolism accumulate in the body of a sick person, which leads to self-poisoning of the body. Dietary therapy in these cases is crucial.

General principles of diet therapy for chronic renal failure:

1. Limiting protein in the diet to 20-70 g per day, depending on the degree of kidney failure.
2, Ensuring the energy value of food by increasing the amount of fats and carbohydrates.
3. Eating enough vegetables and fruits, taking into account their protein, vitamin and salt composition.
4. Appropriate cooking of foods to improve appetite.
5. Regulating the intake of salt and water into the body, depending on the presence of edema, blood pressure and kidney condition.

In the initial stage of the disease in the diet, the amount of protein is slightly limited (up to 70 g or 1 g of protein per 1 kg of the patient’s body weight).
Recommended consumption proteins of plant origin, which are found in bread, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and cereals. Metabolic products of these proteins are more easily excreted from the body. In addition, plant products contain a large amount of alkaline compounds, which inhibits the development of acidosis.

To ensure sufficient energy value of the diet, it is necessary to eat a variety of fats and carbohydrates, especially those contained in vegetables and fruits.

Salt limited slightly. Food is prepared without salt, but you can consume 5-6 g of salt per day. If the patient experiences an increase in the amount of urine excreted (polyuria), then the amount of salt can be increased to 5-6 g per 1 liter of urine.

Liquid quantity also should not exceed the amount of urine excreted over the past day by more than 500 ml. A sufficient amount of fluid helps remove metabolic products from the body.

Once a week there is a fasting day (sugar, watermelon, pumpkin, potato, apple).

the amount of protein is sharply limited (up to 20-40g per day). The main part of the proteins (70-75%) should be proteins of animal origin (milk, eggs, meat, fish) to provide the body with essential amino acids.

Due to the sharp limitation in the amount of proteins the energy value of the diet increases due to milk and vegetable fats, as well as carbohydrates. To improve taste, spices, herbs, sour vegetable and fruit juices (lemon, orange, tomato, etc.) are added to dishes.

Per day you can use 2-3g of salt . If there is no edema, chronic circulatory failure, or high blood pressure, then the patient can consume 3 g of salt per day.

Liquid quantity (including first courses) that a patient can drink should not exceed the amount of daily diuresis (urine excretion) for the previous day by more than 500 ml. The liquid can be consumed as diluted fruit and vegetable juices or hydrocarbonate mineral waters (Borjomi, Luzhanskaya No. 1, Polyana Kvasova).
Food should be boiled; meat and fish can be lightly fried after boiling.

excluded from the diet foods and drinks that irritate the kidneys (strong coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, spicy and salty snacks, meat broths, fish and mushroom decoctions, alcohol). Meals - 5-6 times a day.

In advanced stages of renal failure Deserves attention Giordano-Giovanetti type diet, which can be used for a long time. This is a low protein diet that contains 18-25g of egg white to meet the body's need for essential amino acids.

The energy value of the diet, 2000-2800 kcal, is provided mainly by fats (120-130g) and carbohydrates (230-380g). Salt added in an amount of 2-5g.
Liquid is not limited and corresponds to daily diuresis.

Bread, meat and fish are excluded, as they increase acidosis.

Widely used vegetables, fruits, sugar, jam, marmalade, honey, vegetable oil, milk fats. To improve the taste, spices are added: dill, bay leaf, cinnamon, cloves, allspice, parsley, vanillin. Irritating seasonings are prohibited: horseradish, garlic, radish, mustard.

Here is one interpretation of this diet

In severe cases of renal failure, hemodialysis is performed using an “artificial kidney” device. - purification of blood from metabolic products of proteins and other substances. With chronic hemodialysis, patients may develop complications due to nutritional imbalance, since amino acids are removed during the procedure. They need to be replenished by expanding the diet.

Diet of patients with chronic renal failure, who are on chronic hemodialysis, should contain 0.75-1 g of protein per 1 kg of patient body weight per day. When the hemodialysis time is increased to 30 minutes per week, the amount of protein is increased to 1.2 g per 1 kg of the patient’s body weight.

Food is prepared without salt. If blood pressure is low and there is no swelling, the patient is allowed to consume 2-3g of salt per day.

Due to the fact that as a result of repeated hemodialysis the amount of potassium, calcium, phosphorus in the body may increase, limit consumption vegetables, fruits, dairy products, legumes, cabbage, mushrooms. Fruits such as apricots, raisins, prunes, bananas, dried fruits excluded from the diet completely .

Liquid quantity limit to 700-800 ml per day. Allowed to drink a small amount of fruit juices (lemon, apple, cherry, tomato), through which the body receives vitamins. Spices are added to dishes that do not irritate the kidneys (see above).

The energy value of the diet is 2800-3000 kcal. Chemical composition of the diet: proteins - 60g (of which ¾ are of animal origin), fats - 110g, carbohydrates - 450g. Meals - 6 times a day in small portions.

In addition to the above products limit consumption black currants, melon, peaches, rhubarb, celery, chicory. Prohibited spicy and salty dishes, meat broths, fish and mushroom broths, canned food, sausages, smoked meats, chocolate.

Read also

10% of the world's population is diagnosed with some kind.

Very often, such diseases lead to disruption of the organ and the development of chronic renal failure.

The presence of predisposing factors and impaired renal function for three or more months allows doctors to suspect chronic renal failure.

This pathology is considered secondary, that is, it develops against the background of another disease.

General information about the disease

The kidneys perform many functions in the human body, and disruption of their function leads to disability and death.

Often, patients with chronic renal failure require lifelong therapy and permanent procedures that can replace the work of the kidneys.

The paired organ ensures water, nitrogen and electrolyte metabolism in humans. characterized by a violation of these exchanges, leading to an imbalance in the body. In addition, the kidneys:

• maintain a constant blood composition and fluid volume;
• remove toxins and metabolic products from the body;
• produce some biologically active compounds that are necessary for normal human life, these include renin, urodilatin, prostaglandins.

Normally, daily urine output should be about 75% of the volume of fluid drunk.

Causes

The causes of chronic renal failure can be divided into two types.

The first include diseases of the genitourinary system:

• chronic and;
• hereditary;

For the second, diseases not associated with primary kidney damage:

• diabetes;
• hypertonic disease;
• systemic diseases;
• viral hepatitis.

In all these diseases, kidney cells die. The dead are replaced by connective tissue.

At the beginning of the disease, the kidneys are able to perform their functions, but as the disease progresses, the organs cease to cope with them.

In the final stages of chronic renal failure, the patient develops heart failure, encephalopathy, and uremic coma. In this case, the person is indicated for a kidney transplant.

Stages of the disease

The main criterion for dividing by is the glomerular filtration rate. - this is the volume of primary urine that is formed in the kidneys per unit of time. Normal GFR is 80-120 ml/minute.

At the initial stage, there are no characteristic signs. Signs of the disease will depend on the causes and nature of the underlying disease.

Patients may experience pallor of the skin, a slight decrease in blood pressure and pulse.

Chronic renal failure is divided into 4 stages. This classification allows clinicians to select the necessary treatment tactics for each specific case.

Latent

Glomerular filtration rate 60 - 89 ml/min. The latent or latent form is so called because it has no specific symptoms. Its main manifestations are:

• increased fatigue;
• dry mouth;
• constant weakness.

But just because this phase doesn't have specific symptoms doesn't mean it can't be diagnosed. Blood and urine tests may indicate:

• changes in phosphorus-calcium metabolism;
• disaminoaciduria;
• decreased secretory activity of tubules;
• increased excretion of sugars;

Compensated

GFR 30-59 ml/min. Here, the symptoms indicated in the latent stage become permanent. One of the main signs is an increase in the volume of daily urine to 2.5 liters or more.

Intermittent

GFR 15 – 30 ml/min. It is characterized by the complete disappearance of all signs of the disease, and then their reappearance. In addition to the above symptoms:

• yellowness of the skin;
• the skin loses its elasticity and becomes dry;
• muscle tone weakens;
• pain appears in the joints and bones.

Terminal

Is irreversible. The kidneys practically do not perform their functions, and other internal organs are damaged. The main symptom is a decrease in diuresis, up to the complete disappearance of urine. GFR 15 - 5 ml/min. Other signs include:

• emotional stability;
• insomnia;
• hoarse voice;
• smell of ammonia from the mouth;
• smell of urine from the patient.

Indications for diet

Dietary nutrition is prescribed to patients with chronic kidney disease, edema and impaired metabolism.

For kidney diseases, patients are prescribed diet No. 7. It has several variations: 7A, 7B, 7B, 7D, 7p.

The main criterion for the difference between these diets is the amount of protein, namely:

For hemodialysis patients, the protein norm increases to 1.6 g per kg of the patient's ideal weight. In other words, this is 110 - 120 g of protein in the daily menu. In severe cases of the disease, some patients are allowed only 70 g per day during hemodialysis.

General principles of nutrition

Nutritionists have developed special rules, following which, a patient with chronic renal failure will be able to improve his condition. Here are the main ones:

• the patient must eat at least 3500 kcal per day;
• meals should be divided, in small portions (4 - 6 times a day);
• limiting table salt to 3 grams per day; in the presence of high blood pressure and edema, it is possible to completely eliminate salt from the diet;
• reducing the amount of protein to 20 - 70 g per day;
• The diet must include fruits and vegetables;
• limit fluid to 1 liter per day.

Main menu

The indicated menu is an approximate version of what a patient with chronic renal failure can eat. All dishes in this version are salt-free.

In the absence of edema and high blood pressure, the patient is allowed a small amount of salt. Consumption rates are individual and are discussed with each patient separately.

Breakfast: rice porridge, salt-free bread, tea.

Afternoon snack: baked apples.

Dinner: vegetarian borscht, boiled meat with buckwheat, salt-free bread, dried fruit compote.

Vegetarian borscht recipe. Ingredients: beets, fresh cabbage, potatoes, onions, tomatoes. Cooking methods:

• Place whole beets in boiling water and cook until half cooked;
• the vegetable must be removed and grated after cooling;
• stew tomatoes, onions and carrots in a frying pan with vegetable oil;
• cut the potatoes into cubes and put them in the water in which the beets were boiled;
• after 15 minutes, send the cabbage there, after another 15 minutes, stewed vegetables;

Dinner: salad with chicken liver, cod with steamed vegetables, salt-free bread, tea.

Chicken liver salad recipe. Ingredients: chicken liver 6 pieces, potatoes 4 pieces, onion, vegetable oil, salt. Cooking method:

• Cut the fried liver and boiled potatoes into cubes, add onion and vegetable oil.

Recipe for cod with steamed vegetables. Ingredients: 0.5 kg cod, vegetables, lettuce. Cooking method:

• Place foil on the bottom of the steamer to retain the juice from vegetables and fish;
• put vegetables that you have in the house: potatoes, onions, beets, carrots; frozen vegetables are suitable: broccoli, beans or Brussels sprouts;
• Place cod pieces on top of the vegetables and wrap the edges of the foil inward, but not tightly, turn on the steamer for 20-30 minutes.

Second dinner: any fruit.

Let us consider in more detail which of the diets of the seventh table is necessary for use in chronic renal failure and the rapid recovery of the patient.

Menu and diet for 1 form

When a diagnosis is made, at the initial stage, the patient is prescribed diet No. 7. Bread should be protein-free. The total daily amount of protein should not exceed 60 g, but this amount may be reduced depending on the general condition of the patient.

At this stage, fluid intake is not limited.

The patient is allowed to drink this amount the next day.

Up to 5 g of salt is allowed, provided that the patient does not have edema or high blood pressure.

At the second stage

In case of stage 2 chronic renal failure, the patient is advised to constantly adhere to diet No. 7B. With this diet, in addition to protein, it is necessary to reduce the amount of phosphorus in food. The patient is prohibited from eating:

• egg yolk;
• poultry meat;
• nuts;
• legumes;
• dairy products.

Meat, fish, fish, rice and potatoes contain large amounts of phosphorus. To reduce its amount, it is recommended to boil these products twice in large amounts of water.

With this manipulation, phosphates in them are reduced by 2 times. Also, with this diet, the patient is prescribed the drug Ketosteril. It helps bind phosphates and remove them from the intestines.

On the third

For stage 3 chronic renal failure, you are allowed to eat no more than 25 g of protein per day, preferably of animal origin.

Depending on the patient's general condition, he may be allowed to switch to Diet 7A, but will still need to return to Diet 7B several times a week.

Diet for the fourth

In the terminal stage, when the patient is on hemodialysis, he needs proper nutrition.

The amount of protein increases because after hemodialysis a person loses many important substances in the body.

On average, a patient should eat about 450 g of carbohydrates and 90 g of protein. In addition, he is prescribed medications containing amino acids.

The amount of fluid depends on the patient's diuresis. Decreased diuresis means fluid restriction. Salt intake depends on the presence of edema and arterial hypertension.

Food for chronic renal failure must first be boiled, and then stewed or baked.

Food restrictions

For any degree of chronic renal failure, the patient is contraindicated:

• all salty, pickled and fermented dishes;
• fatty meat and fish broths;
• mushrooms in any form;
• chocolate;
• sauces and snacks;
• canned sausages and smoked meats.

Conclusion

Nutrition plays a very important role in chronic renal failure. Along with drug treatment, diet helps prolong a person’s full life and delay the onset of irreversible processes in the body.

The course of the disease and its progression will depend directly on how the patient behaves.

By following all the doctors' orders and following their recommendations, a person can live a long life.

home » Prevention » Features of diet for chronic renal failure. Kidney failure - controlled with diet Diet for kidney failure with protein restriction