Fixed assets in well. Accounting of fixed assets of an enterprise. Receipt under an exchange agreement

Fixed assets in accountingrepresent an important and in some aspects complex area of ​​accounting. After all, any movement of fixed assets (acquisition by a company or disposal from production) requires the organization’s accountants to have a clear understanding of the rules and regulations of accounting relating specifically to fixed assets. What specialists should know first of all will be discussed in this article.

Accounting for fixed assets at an enterprise in 2017-2018: what has changed

First of all, accounting specialists at an enterprise should clearly understand the differences and similarities in approaches to reflecting fixed assets and transactions with them in the accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets.

In both accounting and tax accounting, in order for a company to consider certain equipment as its fixed asset, the object must meet the following criteria:

• the estimated period of use of the object exceeds 12 months;
• the object was acquired for use in the business of the enterprise, and not for resale;
• the asset is capable of bringing economic benefits to the enterprise;

Until 01/01/2016, the criterion for the initial cost of fixed assets in accounting coincided with that in tax accounting: fixed assets were considered equipment worth more than 40,000 rubles. But from 01/01/2017 in paragraph 1 of Art. 256 and paragraph 1 of Art. 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, amendments were made, according to which OS began to be recognized for tax purposes only for property exceeding the value of 100,000 rubles. Moreover, this increase in the limit applies only to OS accepted from 01/01/2016. In accounting, the value of the limit has not yet changed: depreciable property is an asset worth more than 40,000 rubles. In this connection, taxable temporary differences are formed between tax and accounting.

Each fixed asset belongs to a specific depreciation group, and its cost is written off as expenses over a certain time period.

The main change in accounting for fixed assets that 2017 brought was a change in the codes of the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF), due to which the depreciation periods of some fixed assets changed, and some types of fixed assets were transferred to another depreciation group. The new standards apply to OS facilities put into operation after 01/01/2017.

IMPORTANT! If the object was put into operation before 01/01/2017 and after the entry into force of the new OKOF it ended up in a different depreciation group or its useful life changed, the depreciation rate does not need to be recalculated.

We talked about the nuances in the material.

The procedure for accounting for the receipt of fixed assets in a company

When a company acquires (or receives) fixed assets, the task of accounting specialists is to ensure a correct reflection of the fact that the fixed assets have been received by the company, as well as the subsequent accounting of the fixed assets in the financial statements.

The first thing to do in this context is to determine the initial cost of the fixed asset. Therefore, it is important to know what this cost consists of.

As follows from paragraph 8 of PBU 6/01, the initial cost is determined by adding up all the costs that the company actually made in order to acquire the object and bring it to a state where it can be used in production, namely:

• Purchase price or construction price. If the operating system for the company was built by a counterparty, the costs can be confirmed using a transfer and acceptance certificate, invoice, work completion certificate, etc.

IMPORTANT! The price should be included in the original price excluding VAT. VAT is taken into account in the cost of fixed assets only if the company will use such fixed assets for VAT-free activities.

• Amounts spent on delivery of an object from the manufacturer (previous owner) to the company. For accounting, confirmation of this part of the initial cost of the fixed assets will be a transport invoice or waybill (when the company independently brought the fixed assets).
• The costs a company had to incur to make a facility usable for production. This group of costs includes costs for installation, debugging, etc.
• If a company imported an asset from abroad, then customs duties and fees specified in the declaration can also be taken into account as part of the initial cost. This, in particular, was indicated by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation in a letter dated April 22, 2014 No. GD-4-3/7660@.
• State duty, if its payment is necessary so that the object can be used by the company in production. Confirmation of such costs can be a simple payment order for payment of the duty.
• Any other costs that the company was forced to incur in connection with the acquisition of the operating system.

NOTE! The fundamental difference between accounting and tax accounting is that it allows you to take into account in the initial cost of an investment asset interest on loans that the company had to take out in order to acquire such an asset (clause 7 of PBU 15/2008, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 107n). In tax accounting, interest is always a non-operating expense.

An example of the formation of the cost of fixed assets in accounting based on 1C ERP version 8.3 is presented below:

After a company specialist calculates the total initial cost of the fixed asset, such an object can be taken into account. To do this, the company should register and then open a special one for the object.

IMPORTANT! The company should be aware that even if the OS needs to be registered with government authorities, this procedure will not affect the moment of acceptance for accounting. In any case, such a moment occurs on the date when the initial cost of the fixed asset is determined.

Depreciation and revaluation of fixed assets in accounting

The company depreciates the OS over the course of its operation, i.e., gradually transfers its value to account 02.

NOTE! Depreciation in accounting for the operating system used should not be interrupted. An exception exists only for OS preserved for more than 3 months, as well as for OS, the restoration of which should last longer than 12 months (clauses 17, 23 of PBU 6/01).

However, accounting specialists should remember that some categories of fixed assets do not need to be depreciated. These include, for example, land plots.

The company also has the right to revaluate its fixed assets, that is, recalculate both the cost of fixed assets and the amounts of previously accrued depreciation. This follows from clause 15 of PBU 6/01. Such revaluation must be carried out at the end of each year. In this case, the results of revaluation (the value of revaluation or discount) can both influence the financial results of the company and increase/decrease the company’s additional capital.

For more information on OS revaluation, see the article .

Organization of accounting for the sale of OS

If a company decides to sell an operating system, then the accounting specialist has the task of correctly showing the fact of sale in the financial statements. What are the accounting consequences of selling an asset?

1. On the date of sale (transfer of ownership rights to the new owner), the selling company should record income. Such income is taken into account as part of other income and accumulated in account 91 (on the loan).

IMPORTANT! Income is only the net sales price, excluding VAT. However, all income is first credited to account 91, after which the amount of VAT on fixed assets is reflected by posting to the debit of account 91 in correspondence with account 68.

2. The sale of fixed assets entails the need to attribute the residual value of such fixed assets to other expenses of the company.

Find out about the features of accounting for the sale of fixed assets.

In terms of documenting the sale of OS to a company, it should be remembered that the fact of transfer of OS to the buyer is recorded in an acceptance certificate.

What is important to remember when selling unfinished properties

In practice, cases often arise when a company decides to sell an unfinished future OS, for example, a warehouse or building. Here you should also remember some accounting features.

In particular, income from the sale of such unfinished objects is also considered other income and is credited to account 91 in the amount that the buyer paid for the object.

However, since the unfinished object has not yet been recognized by the company as fixed assets, it does not have a formed initial value. The question arises as to what should be included in expenses.

IMPORTANT! As indicated by paragraphs. 11, 14.1, 16, 19 PBU 10/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n, in this situation, in other expenses (debit of account 91), the company should include those costs that it has already incurred in connection with the construction of the operating system ( the actual value of the object as of the date of sale), as well as, if relevant, costs associated with the sale (for example, intermediary fees, etc.).

As in the case of the sale of fixed assets, when selling an unfinished object, income arises (and is shown in the reporting) on ​​the date when ownership rights transferred to the acquirer.

Nuances of accounting for the transfer of fixed assets to the authorized capital of an LLC

If a company decides to transfer its former OS to the authorized capital of another organization, it should be remembered that such a transfer must also be formalized by an appropriate act. It can be compiled either in free form or using a template in the OS-1 form. At the same time, it is important that such an act reflects the residual value of the fixed assets, as well as the amount of VAT that the company will have to recover in connection with the transfer of the fixed assets as a contribution to the capital of another company.

Further. The transferred OS is assessed by the participants of the receiving organization to determine the size of the contribution made by such OS. Therefore, it is important for the company to understand that if participants evaluate the fixed assets at a cost exceeding its book value, then the company will attribute the difference to its income (credit to account 91 in correspondence with the debit of account 76, intended to account for the company’s debt on a contribution to the capital of a third-party company). In the opposite case, if the shareholders valued the operating system at a smaller amount than what was indicated in the company’s accounting documents, it turns out that in fact the debt on the contribution to the capital company was not fully repaid. Therefore, the difference should be included in other expenses and written off as a debit to account 91.

Whether to charge depreciation on fixed assets received as a contribution to the capital company, read.

Liquidation of fixed assets in accounting

Liquidation of fixed assets has some peculiarities in terms of accounting.

Firstly, since the company did not receive income for the disposed fixed assets, the company will only have to show expenses in its accounting. In this case, expenses (recorded in the debit of account 91) will include the following:

• residual value of the liquidated asset;
• the amount of costs for work (both own and performed by third parties) that directly accompanied the liquidation of the OS;
• the amount of VAT that the company had to restore in connection with the liquidation of the operating system.

Which postings are compiled at disposal object OS cm . V material .

Secondly, specialists responsible for fixed assets accounting should not forget that as a result of liquidation, the company receives some new inventory. They must be taken into account on account 10 (debit) in correspondence with the increase in the company’s other income (credit 91).

Read about how to take into account costs when liquidating an operating system.

Results

Accounting for fixed assets in 2017-2018 should, for the most part, be carried out in the same manner as before. Namely, to take into account the operating system on the date of bringing it to a state of readiness for operation. Subsequently, when selling the OS, the remuneration received is included in income, and the residual value of the OS is included in expenses. Similar rules apply to the sale of unfinished properties. At the same time, it is important for specialists to remember: despite the fact that in tax accounting the cost criterion for recognizing an asset has increased to 100,000 rubles, in accounting it has not changed and is still 40,000 rubles.

We talked about tax accounting of fixed assets in. In this material we will talk about synthetic and analytical accounting of fixed assets.

Fixed assets in accounting

In accordance with PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”, an asset is accepted for accounting as part of fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met (clause 4):

• the object is intended for use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization, or to be provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession or use;
• the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a period of more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
• the organization does not intend to subsequently resell the object;
• the object is capable of bringing economic benefits to the organization in the future.

At the same time, they are not fixed assets (clause 3 of PBU 6/01):

• machines, equipment and other similar items that are listed in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations as finished products or in the warehouses of trading organizations as goods;
• items handed over for installation or to be installed that are in transit;
• capital and financial investments.

The accounting unit for fixed assets is an inventory item (clause 6 of PBU 6/01). This ensures analytical accounting of fixed assets.

Fixed assets in accounting 2017 with a unit cost of 40,000 rubles or less PBU for accounting for fixed assets 6/01 allows you to account for them as part of inventory (clause 5 of PBU 6/01). Each organization independently approves the cost criterion in its own.

Organization of fixed assets accounting

The procedure for organizing accounting of fixed assets in accordance with PBU 6/01 is established by the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of Fixed Assets (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 13, 2003 No. 91n).

We can say that accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets is generally characterized by a unity of approaches. In the accounting of these objects, there is a commonality of the principles of initial and subsequent assessment, depreciation, accounting for receipts and disposals. At the same time, however, synthetic accounting of fixed assets is kept on a separate account 01 “Fixed assets”, and intangible assets - on account 04 “Intangible assets” (). Therefore, the acceptance of fixed assets for accounting is reflected as Debit of account 01 - Credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, and the receipt of intangible assets - Debit of account 04 - Credit of account 08. Answers to questions about how to keep track of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets are contained not only in PBU 6/01, Methodological Guidelines, but also Instructions for the Application of the Chart of Accounts (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost (clause 7 of PBU 6/01). But the procedure for determining it depends on how the fixed asset item entered the organization (for a fee, free of charge, in exchange for other property, etc.). How to determine the initial cost in such cases is indicated in paragraphs 8 - 11 of PBU 6/01.

Along with the issues of accounting for the receipt and disposal of fixed assets, their depreciation is of particular interest, which we talked about.

We reviewed typical entries in account 01 when accounting for the receipt of fixed assets, accounting for the disposal of fixed assets, in account 02 when depreciating them, as well as accounting entries for revaluation.

Let us also recall that accounting for the rental of fixed assets is carried out separately. Accounting for leased fixed assets from the tenant is kept on the balance sheet in account 001 “Leased fixed assets”, and from the lessor, as a rule, in a separate sub-account to account 01.

Topic 1.1. Fixed Asset Accounting

Test

a) according to the original;

B) by residual;

c) according to rehabilitation.

2. What entries reflect the purchase of equipment from a supplier that does not require installation?

a) D-t01 K-t 60, D-t19 K-t 60;

B) D-t 08 K-t 60, D-t 19 K-t 60;

c) D-t 19 K-t 60, D-t 01 K-t 08.

a) D-t 01 K-t 02;

B) D-t 25 K-t 02;

c) D-t 02 K-t 25.

4.What accounting entry reflects profit from the sale of fixed assets?

A) D-t 91 K-t 99;

b) D-t 99 K-t 91;

c) D-t 01 K-t 09.

5. What accounting entries reflect the write-off of the value of a disposed fixed asset?

6. How to reflect the capitalization of scrap from the disposal of fixed assets?

a) D-t 10 K-t 01;

B) D-t 10 K-t 91;

c) D-t 10 K-t 02.

7. What accounting entries reflect the gratuitous transfer of fixed assets?

a) D-t 91 K-t 01, D-t 98 K-t 01;

B) D-t 02 K-t 01, D-t 91 K-t 01;

c) D-t 02 K-t 91, D-t 98 K-t 01.

8. How is the revaluation of fixed assets for production purposes reflected?

a) D-t 01 K-t 83, D-t 02 K-t 83;

B) D-t 01 K-t 83, D-t 83 K-t 02;

c) D-t 01 K-t 02.

9.How to record the purchase of equipment that requires installation?

10. What do accounting entries mean in accounting accounts? Dt sch. 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” Set of accounts. 01 “Fixed Assets”, subaccount “Disposal of Fixed Assets”:

a) depreciation calculation on received fixed assets that were in

consumption;

b) calculation of depreciation on fixed assets for general economic purposes;

c) reflection of the depreciation of fixed assets;

D) writing off the amount of accrued depreciation on retired fixed assets?

Topic 1.2. Accounting for intangible assets

Test

1. How is depreciation calculated on intangible assets?

a) evenly;

2. In what valuation are intangible assets reflected in the balance sheet?

a) at original cost;

B) at residual value;

c) at replacement cost.

3. What transactions reflect the write-off of intangible assets after the expiration of the useful life

use?

A) D-t 05 K-t 04, D-t 91 K-t 04;

b) D-t 91 K-t 04, D-t 99 K-t 04;

c) D-t 04 K-t 91;

d) D-t 05 K-t 04.

4. What entries reflect the acquisition of intangible assets from a legal entity?

c) D-t 04 K-t 76;

d) D-t 04 K-t 60,

5. Over what period are intangible assets amortized, if their period

beneficial use cannot be determined:

6. Which method of calculating depreciation is not used for objects

intangible assets:

a) linear method;

7. What kind of posting reflects the accrual of depreciation of intangible assets?

a) D-t 05 K-t 04;

b) D-t 04 K-t 05;

B) D-t 20 K-t 05;

d) D-t 05 K-t 20.

8. The business reputation of a company is

property;

9. At what cost are intangible assets entered into accounting accepted by the founders?

authorized capital?

A) as agreed;

b) according to the market;

c) by residual.

Topic 1.3. Accounting for long-term investments

Test

1. The formation of non-current assets in organizations is carried out through:

a) current use of assets;

B) long-term investments.

2. Long-term investments in fixed assets are aimed at:

3. Capital investments are made in the following ways:

A) economic;

b) mixed;

c) combined.

4. Long-term investments are accounted for in the following accounts:

a) 01 “Fixed assets”;

5. Turnover in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” shows:

A) expenses of the reporting month for making investments;

b) write-off of the inventory value of objects put into operation;

c) costs of maintenance and security of temporarily suspended construction.

6. Turnover on the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” shows:

a) expenses of the reporting month for making investments;

B) write-off of the inventory value of objects put into operation;

c) write-off of actual costs for unfinished construction, sold or

transferred free of charge to another organization.

7. Settlements between developers and contractors for work performed on the construction of fixed assets are carried out:

A) at estimated cost;

b) at an agreed price;

c) at inventory value;

d) at planned cost.

Topic 1.4. Accounting for financial investments

Test

1. Financial investments include:

2. What shares provide the owner with a preferential right to receive dividends in the form of a fixed percentage, but do not give the right to vote in the joint-stock company?

A) privileged;

b) personal names;

c) ordinary.

3. In what case and in what amount can a joint-stock company issue additional bonds?

A) after full payment of all issued shares in the amount of no more than 25% of the authorized capital;

b) after full payment of all issued shares in the amount of no more than 50% of the authorized capital;

c) at any time and in any amount.

4. The market value of securities is determined as:

a) the amount indicated on the form of the security;

B) price, determined as the result of securities quotation on the secondary market;

c) the selling price of the securities during its initial placement.

5. In what assessment are financial investments taken into account?

a) at the average initial cost;

B) using the FIFO method;

c) according to the original one.

6. Debt securities include:

b) bonds;

6. What entries reflect the advance payment of expenses for the acquisition of securities?

a) Dt 58 Kt 51;

b) Dt 51 Kt 58;

B) Dt 76 Kt 51; Dt 58 Kt 76.

7. When investing in the authorized capital of another organization, the transferring party acquires:

A) shares of this organization;

b) bonds;

c) bills.

8. If the lender is not a credit institution, from what source does the borrower pay interest?

a) from gross profit;

B) due to net profit;

c) other income.

9. If the actual cost of the purchased bonds is greater than the nominal value, then the difference is written off by posting:

A) Dt 58 Kt 91;

b) Dt 91 Kt 58;

c) Dt 99 Kt 58.

10. Which account is used to record the sale of securities?

Section 1. Non-current assets

Final test

1. At what cost are fixed assets included in the balance sheet currency?

a) according to the original;

B) by residual;

c) according to rehabilitation.

2. Which account is used to record the sale of securities?

3. What kind of posting reflects the calculation of depreciation of fixed assets of the workshop?

a) D-t 01 K-t 02;

B) D-t 25 K-t 02;

c) D-t 02 K-t 25.

4. What accounting entries reflect the write-off of the value of a disposed fixed asset?

A) D-t 02 K-t 01, D-t 91 K-t 01;

b) D-t 91 K-t 02, D-t 99 K-t 01;

c) D-t 02 K-t 91, D-t 91 K-t 01.

5.How to reflect the purchase of equipment that requires installation?

a) D-t 01 K-t 60, D-t 07 K-t 01;

b) D-t 08 K-t 60, D-t 07 K-t 60;

B) D-t 07 K-t 60, D-t 19 K-t 60.

6. How is depreciation calculated on intangible assets?

a) evenly;

B) based on useful life and initial cost;

c) 50% upon receipt and 50% upon debiting.

7. Which method of calculating depreciation is not used for objects

intangible assets:

a) linear method;

b) reducing balance method;

c) proportional to the volume of production;

D) the sum of the number of years of useful use.

8. What entries reflect the acquisition of intangible assets from a legal entity?

A) D-t 08 K-t 60, D-t 19 K-t 60, D-t 04 K-t 08;

b) D-t 04 K-t 08, D-t 04 K-t 19;

c) D-t 04 K-t 76;

d) D-t 04 K-t 60.

9. The business reputation of a company is

a) the totality of costs incurred in connection with the creation of the organization;

B) the difference between the estimated value of the organization and its net value

property;

c) the right to use the corporate name of a legal entity?

10. Financial investments include:

a) the organization’s investments in expanding production;

B) investments of the organization in the authorized capitals of other organizations and securities;

c) the organization’s costs for the acquisition of fixed assets.

11. If the actual cost of the purchased bonds is greater than the nominal value, then the difference is written off by posting:

A) Dt 58 Kt 91;

b) Dt 91 Kt 58;

c) Dt 99 Kt 58.

12. Debt securities include:

b) bonds;

13. Long-term investments in fixed assets are aimed at:

a) for long-term financial investments in government securities;

b) for repairs of fixed assets;

C) for the acquisition of land plots and environmental management facilities.

14. Long-term investments are accounted for in the following accounts:

a) 01 “Fixed assets”;

b) 04 “Intangible assets”;

c) 07 “Equipment for installation”;

D) 08 “Investments in non-current assets”;

15. Settlements between developers and contractors for work performed on the construction of fixed assets are carried out:

A) at estimated cost;

b) at an agreed price;

c) at inventory value;

d) at planned cost.

When an enterprise acquires any fixed asset, the accountant needs to correctly document this purchase in accounting and tax accounting. It is no secret to experienced accountants that there are some differences in accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets. In this article we will look at how to reflect the purchase of a fixed asset in tax accounting, how expenses for the acquisition of a fixed asset are written off in tax accounting and other important issues related to the tax accounting of fixed assets.

Legislative regulation of the issue

Legislative regulation of the issue is carried out primarily by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in particular, Article 257 defines the concept of fixed assets and the conditions for their classification into the group of fixed assets, regulates the write-off of the cost of fixed assets when applying the simplified tax system by the taxpayer.

Fixed assets (hereinafter referred to as fixed assets)

OS for tax purposes is an almost identical concept of OS for accounting purposes. Here, the key factors for OS recognition are the following:

1. The facility is used by the enterprise to produce and sell services, goods, etc. Or for general business purposes in an enterprise. That is, equipment, building, machine, etc. can be recognized as OS.
2. The cost of the purchased product is more than 100 thousand rubles. It is important to note here that for accounting purposes the product must cost at least 40,000 rubles. If the OS has a cost of less than one hundred thousand rubles, then the product can be written off as materials immediately after purchase and not counted as OS.
3. Its useful life must be no less than one year.

If all three points are met in relation to an object acquired by an enterprise, then such an object can be called OS.

What is the initial cost of the OS

The concept of initial cost includes all expenses for purchasing, manufacturing, and bringing the OS to a suitable state so that it can be used for the purposes of the enterprise.

Important! If the Company is a VAT payer, then when accounting for the cost of fixed assets, the amount of value added tax is not taken into account.

Romashka LLC is a VAT payer using the general taxation system. In January 2018, Romashka LLC purchased equipment for a sausage shop worth 450,000 rubles. This cost of equipment includes value added tax in the amount of 68,644 rubles. To bring the equipment to the workshop, Romashka LLC turned to a transport company and paid 4,500 rubles excluding VAT for the delivery of the equipment. The initial cost will include the sum of the cost of the equipment without VAT 450000-68644=381356 rubles and the cost of delivery 4500. In total, the total cost of the OS will be 385856 rubles.

The concept of bonus depreciation

When accepting fixed assets for tax accounting, a business entity has the opportunity to immediately write off part of the funds that were spent on the purchase of fixed assets. What amount can be written off immediately as an expense depends on the depreciation group in which the asset is included. It varies for different groups, but as a rule it does not exceed 30%. The use of bonus depreciation is on a voluntary basis and is not mandatory for everyone. The depreciation bonus is applied only in tax accounting of fixed assets.

Write-off of the cost of fixed assets by enterprises to OSNO

The cost is written off in equal monthly installments based on the useful life of the OS. The useful life can be found out by determining which depreciation group the main asset belongs to. After putting the facility into operation, starting from the next month, it is necessary to charge depreciation on the cost of the facility - that is, write off the cost in equal shares to the expenses of the enterprise. There are two write-off methods - linear and non-linear. The difference between the original cost and accrued depreciation is the residual value.

Accounting for fixed assets for economic entities using the simplified tax system

You can write off the cost of fixed assets as expenses in a situation where an enterprise uses the simplified tax system after it has been put into operation. That is, after all documents on the OS have been completed:

1. Act OS-1 on acceptance and transfer of OS;
2. OS-6 card;
3. Commissioning order.

The cost is written off as enterprise expenses in the amount of the initial cost, installation costs and bringing it to a state of readiness for use, including value added tax on fixed assets.

Important! When applying the simplified tax system, the cost of fixed assets is written off as enterprise expenses for tax purposes in equal shares during the first year of purchase of this fixed asset in each quarter of the year.

Let's look at examples of writing off the cost of operating systems as expenses.

Example 1.

Alpha LLC, operating under the simplified tax system, purchased in April 2017 a fixed asset - a car for delivering its products to customers. The cost of the car is 750 thousand rubles. The cost of the car will be written off as expenses for the purpose of calculating tax under the simplified tax system in the following order:

Example 2.

Omega LLC, operating under the simplified tax system, acquired an operating system - a press for the production of minced meat in November 2017. The cost of the press is 195,000 rubles. The write-off of cost shares as expenses will occur in the following order:

The cost is written off before the end of the year in equal shares for each quarter, but since the OS was purchased in the fourth quarter, the write-off will take place entirely in the fourth quarter.

Evgeniy Malyar

# Business Dictionary

Postings, formulas, sample documents

In accounting, fixed assets include assets with a value of 40,000 rubles or more. At the tax office - from 100,000 rubles.

Article navigation

• Accounting for fixed assets
• What does IFRS-16 indicate?
• Accounting entries for fixed assets
• Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets and amortization
• Determination of initial cost
• What determines the service life
• Types of depreciation of fixed assets
• Methods of depreciation of fixed assets in accounting
• Registration of lease of fixed assets
• What postings should the lessor of the fixed asset make?
• OS postings from the tenant's position
• What is the book value of fixed assets
• How to calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets
• Tasks and methods of auditing asset accounting
• What is the difference between tax accounting and accounting?
• Taxation of fixed assets
• Documentation of transactions with fixed assets
• Accounting statements for fixed assets
• Orders relating to fixed assets
• Title documents
• Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets
• Conclusion

According to established practice and due to the requirements of Russian legislation, enterprises must maintain double accounting of fixed assets - tax and accounting. The difference between them exists objectively, and is manifested in many signs. The tasks of accounting and tax accounting are different.

In recent years, the state has done a lot to bring tax and accounting reporting closer together, but it has not yet been possible to merge these forms into one whole. An article about the common features and differences of tax and accounting approaches to accounting for fixed assets.

Accounting for fixed assets

The provisions of PAS 6/01 continue to be in effect in 2019. It is on the basis of this document that certain assets should be classified as fixed assets (FPE). The definition of the term is based on the following criteria:

• Use of the accounted object for production or management purposes. Renting, leasing or transferring on the basis of other contractual forms of temporary use by third parties is also possible.
• The useful life of an asset is a period of one year or more.
• The property is capable of generating profit in the future.
• The property was not purchased for resale.

The cost of an asset is determined by the accounting policy adopted by the enterprise, but the lower limit is set by paragraph 5 of PBU 6/01. All assets worth up to 40,000 thousand rubles are reflected in the balance sheet as inventories.

It is theoretically possible to use other listed characteristics of fixed assets to classify objects as them, but this is, as a rule, not practiced in accounting. An enterprise may be interested in artificially increasing the value of fixed assets if there is a need to obtain a loan or attract investors. In other cases, line 1150 in the balance sheet sets the amount of property tax, which increases the fiscal burden experienced by the company.

Thus, the current provision of PBU 6/01 provides a certain freedom in developing the accounting policy of an enterprise in terms of classifying an asset as fixed assets.

What does IFRS-16 indicate?

In addition to PBU 6/01, when drawing up the structure of fixed assets, an accountant can be guided by another official document.

The IFRS-16 standard provides for the classification of fixed assets into the following types of objects:

• land resources;
• buildings and other structures;
• cars and equipment;
• vehicles (cars, ships, airplanes, etc.);
• furniture and other interior items;
• Office equipment.

Explanation of the abbreviation IFRS - International Financial Reporting Standards.

Accounting entries for fixed assets

All actions performed with fixed assets from the moment they are received by the enterprise and ending with liquidation (writing off from the balance sheet) must be documented. The account involved in each specific operation will be discussed below.

The current chart of accounts provides for postings to fixed assets in accounting. For convenience, they are summarized in a table. Movement accounting involves the following actions in the 1C program (you can also do this in a balance sheet on paper).

As a rule, the income generated by the sale of a fixed asset is not included in the proceeds from the sale (it is classified as non-operating).

Forms for accounting for fixed assets in a warehouse purchased but not put into operation are reflected in the subaccount “Fixed assets in a warehouse (in stock)” of account 01 “Fixed assets”.

Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets and amortization

During operation, most fixed assets become obsolete. The exception is land resources, the service life of which is unlimited.

Monthly contributions to a special fund intended for updating the OS are made at the initial cost and are called depreciation. Wear calculation is performed based on two main parameters:

• initial cost;
• useful life of the object.

Determination of initial cost

The basis for the initial assessment of an asset related to fixed assets is the documented actual amount spent on putting it into operation. In addition to the purchase price, this concept includes direct costs:

• for delivery;
• preparation of the installation area;
• unloading;
• adjustment;
• overheads;
• other possible actions related to achieving serviceability.

If the fixed asset was purchased on credit, then in most cases it should be taken into account only for the principal amount (body), without interest paid. The exception is situations provided for by IFRS 23.

What determines the service life

The standard service life of the OS cannot be less than a year, but for each object it is determined individually, taking into account several factors:

• passport data and recommendations of the manufacturer;
• expected intensity of operation;
• specifics of maintenance;
• expected obsolescence;
• legal and other regulatory restrictions.

Types of depreciation of fixed assets

Complete or partial loss of a fixed asset’s useful operational properties, and, consequently, its depreciation, can occur for two main reasons:

Physical deterioration

Occurs as a result of exposure to harmful factors acting on an object during its use or storage. This concept includes a set of processes of friction, oxidation and other physical and chemical phenomena that accompany all material objects. The intensity of this type of wear is influenced by:

• rate of operation;
• quality indicators of an object that determine its durability;
• quality of fixed assets;
• external working conditions and technological features of the environment;
• personnel qualifications;
• thoroughness and timeliness of prevention and maintenance.

The degree of physical deterioration is determined by two methods:

• Expert, in which the condition of the object is assessed by specialists who compare objective parameters with reference ones.
• Analytical, taking into account the standard service life.

Obsolescence

It is expressed by a critical decrease in the efficiency of using the OS for commercial purposes due to conceptual obsolescence. A clear example would be the best computer produced in the mid-90s. Even if it has been sitting in a warehouse all the time in a packaged form, it does not meet today's requirements for computing technology.

It is customary to divide obsolescence into two types. The first form is associated with the reduction in cost of replacement analogues. In other words, the same object can now be purchased cheaper. The degree of obsolescence of the first form can be determined using the formula:

Where:
MI1 – indicator of obsolescence of the first form;
OSB – the cost at which an accounting unit is listed on the balance sheet;
SALT is the amount that it will cost to restore or update a fixed asset in current market conditions.

The emergence of obsolescence of the second form is due to the advent of more advanced production methods and technologies. It is theoretically possible to work “the old fashioned way,” but the reproduction of a commercial product becomes less profitable, and its sale poses a problem due to competition.

The degree of obsolescence of a fixed asset of the second form is calculated using a formula expressing the relative increase in the efficiency of new means of production:

Where:
MI2 – obsolescence of the second form;
PNS – productivity of a new means of production in units of measurement accepted at the enterprise (for example, pieces per hour);
PSS is the productivity of the old fixed asset in the same units.

Within the second form of obsolescence there is also a division into subcategories. He can be:

• Partial - if not all of its production value is lost. In some cases, an obsolete facility can be used in secondary process areas or operations with acceptable efficiency.
• Complete – when further exploitation entails losses. The outdated OS is awaiting dismantling and disposal.
• Hidden. There are no new, more productive fixed assets yet, but it is known that their development is underway.
• External. This subtype of obsolescence of the second form manifests itself under the influence of factors independent of the internal policy of the enterprise. For example, the production of manufactured products may be limited or prohibited by a decision of the authorities.

Regardless of the form of obsolescence, it is caused by technological progress. Some intangible assets (software, technical documentation, etc.) are also subject to it.

Methods of depreciation of fixed assets in accounting

Accounting uses four main methods for calculating depreciation, depending on the nature of the asset, legal regulations and its own interests.

At linear method the cost of the asset is written off evenly over its useful life. For example, if a machine is designed to last for five years, then 20% of its original cost will be depreciated each year.

Reducing balance method provision is made for the accrual of annual depreciation at the same percentage as with linear, but for the amount not of the original, but of the residual value. If we take the example of the same machine, then in the first year its cost will also decrease by 20%, but then the process will go slower (in the second year 16% will be written off, that is, a fifth of 80%, etc.). This non-linear method allows you to quickly depreciate fixed assets in the initial period of its operation, and then reduce its share in the cost of the product.

The third method is called "by the sum of numbers", and is based on the addition of numbers in the natural series that form the service life of the object. Despite the long name, it is quite simple. If we take the same example with a machine tool, its depreciation will occur at an accelerated rate in the first years of use:

This means that in the first year, depreciation will be one-third of the original cost. In the second year, 40% will be written off:

This method allows for accelerated depreciation.

And finally, the fourth way is that the cost of the fixed asset goes into the price of the manufactured product proportional to the volume of its output. For example, it is known that on the mentioned machine it is possible to produce 10 million products over its useful life (5 years) without compromising quality. If 5 million units have already been made on it, then it should be depreciated by half.

Paragraph 5 of PBU 6/01 and Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation clearly indicate that objects costing less than 40,000 rubles are not subject to depreciation.

Registration of lease of fixed assets

In Russia, the legal aspects of leasing are regulated by Chapter 34 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Business entities can transfer various objects, including fixed assets, for temporary use on a commercial basis. In this case, the lessor remains the owner of the property, and the lessee uses the asset for the period specified in the agreement. The exception is leasing, the terms of which provide for a phased purchase.

What postings should the lessor of the fixed asset make?

As with other business transactions, in this case the relationship between the parties is reflected in accounting. Rented objects become income-generating investments, which, in accordance with the current chart of accounts, is indicated by posting Dt01 - Kt03.

On account 03, according to PBU 6/01, profitable investments are accumulated.

Income generated by the rental of fixed assets is recorded in accounts 90 and 91 (“Sales” and “Other income and expenses”, respectively). Some features should be taken into account:

• If the rental of fixed assets constitutes the main income of the enterprise, then, based on paragraph 5 of PBU 9/99, it is considered revenue and is accounted for in account 90.
• Account 91 (“Other income”) is used if the business structure has another main source of profit (clause 7 of the same PBU).

The postings reflecting the rental of the operating system are as follows:

Notes. Depreciation of leased fixed assets is accumulated in account 91, that is, it is included in income, through which it will be possible to restore this asset in the future. Profit tax is charged on the amount of receipts.

The leased object is still listed on account 01 as a fixed asset. It is not transferred to account 03, because the lease provides for temporary use. After the contract expires, the asset can again be used for your own needs.

OS postings from the tenant's position

Leased fixed assets are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 001. The cost of the object is indicated in accordance with the lease agreement.

Capitalization of the leased fixed assets is carried out on Dt001. When returning property, the posting ends at Kt001.

Payment of rent is taken into account as expenses, is included in the cost of the product produced by the tenant and affects the calculation of income tax.

What is the book value of fixed assets

Fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their value, called residual value. The calculation formula is simple:

Where:
O – residual value;
F – initial cost;
S – the amount of accrued depreciation.

In most cases, during operation the book value decreases. After the tax refund, VAT is also deducted from it.

Changes in the initial book value of fixed assets are possible in the following cases:

• completion or reconstruction of real estate, resulting in an increase in the price of the property;
• improvement of the means of production;
• partial liquidation of OS;
• revaluation.

The revaluation or depreciation of fixed assets at an enterprise can be carried out once a year or less often. These actions are justified by supporting documents or bringing the value into line with market realities (indexation).

Modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets at the enterprise in 2019 differ from repairs according to the criterion of changes in the technical and economic indicators of depreciable property. In cases where they increase, this is modernization. If the goal is to restore previous characteristics and properties lost during operation, then repair takes place.

The Federal Law “On Valuation Activities” establishes the following types of value of fixed assets:

• Market – represents the amount required to purchase an analogue, or the price at which it can be easily sold.
• Restoration – the sum of costs necessary to bring the object to the state in which it was at the time of the last assessment.
• Replacement is the same as restoration, but with the use of modern, cost-saving technological advances and also taking into account actual wear and tear.
• Investment - the amount withdrawn in order to attract shareholders, adjusted for the maximum return on financial investments.
• Liquidation – approximately equal to the market one, but slightly lower. At this price, the asset can be guaranteed and quickly sold.
• Recycling - is made up of the cost of useful materials and liquid components generated during the dismantling of an object, minus the costs of disassembly, sorting, etc.

How to calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets

This indicator is needed for filling out Form 11 and other statistical documents, as well as for internal analysis of the dynamics of enterprise development. There are two main methods to determine the average annual cost of fixed assets: simplified and accurate.

As a rule, solving this problem for individual entrepreneurs using the simplified tax system is not very difficult. An individual entrepreneur has valuable assets in spades and everything is in plain sight. For him, this is the average figure between the values ​​at the beginning and end of the year. The difference between the values ​​is due to depreciation. If the OS is sold in a certain month, then this is easy to take into account, if necessary.

In the case of a large company, LLC or CJSC, everything is not so simple. Complex and expensive equipment can be written off or purchased, and this happens unevenly. The most accurate result will be obtained if you perform calculations using the formula:

Where:
SGS – average annual cost of fixed assets;
CH i– cost of fixed assets at the beginning of each month;
CK i– cost of fixed assets at the end of each month;
i– serial number of the month.

The calculation of the average annual cost of the active part is carried out in a similar way, however, in order to isolate it from the total amount of fixed assets, synthetic and analytical accounting is necessary.

Tasks and methods of auditing asset accounting

In order to avoid possible fines for violating the requirements of regulations in force in Russia, enterprises conduct an audit of fixed asset accounting. This event involves monitoring the following facts:

1. The fixed assets listed on the balance are available, and their condition corresponds to that indicated.
2. Documentary support for operations with fixed assets (receipt, disposal, revaluation, etc.) is carried out correctly.
3. Depreciation is carried out properly.
4. All taxes have been assessed and paid.
5. Objects are classified as OS justifiably.

If a shortage is identified, the auditor reflects it in the reconciliation sheet. The result in the form of an act serves as a guide for eliminating violations. If they are discovered by government audits, penalties will inevitably be imposed, possibly very severely.

What is the difference between tax accounting and accounting?

The differences between tax and accounting are due to the fact that they are regulated by different regulatory documents.

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines its criteria for classification as fixed assets. In the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the minimum cost in 2019 is set at one hundred thousand rubles (according to PBU 6/01 - 40 thousand rubles)

Thus, non-depreciable property is included in material expenses at the time of commissioning, and the taxpayer sets the time for its write-off independently, based on the expected period of use or other considerations.

But it’s not just the 2019 limit that determines the differences. They appear for the purposes of each of the accounting systems:

• Tax accounting determines the tax base.
• Accounting allows us to judge the effectiveness of a commercial organization.

The discrepancies between tax and accounting approaches to accounting are the topic of a separate detailed study. It is unlikely that they will be completely eliminated in the near future, but work towards rapprochement is constantly underway.

Taxation of fixed assets

The article has already talked about how to capitalize a fixed asset and how to sell it, but one more important issue remains - taxation.

We should start with one of the main fiscal obligations of any commercial entity - VAT.

Value added tax is levied on all transactions involving the acquisition, sale, repair and rental of fixed assets without exception. It is accrued if three necessary conditions are simultaneously met:

1. OS was acquired for activities subject to VAT.
2. The main facility has been put into operation.
3. The purchase of the OS is confirmed by a correctly executed invoice.

If a fixed asset is purchased free of charge, then its cost is included in the income portion. Profit tax is charged on this amount, as well as on the sale of products produced through this operating system.

The sale of a fixed asset in accounting is treated as a sale; 20% VAT is deducted from the proceeds if the seller accepted the tax as a deduction at the time of its acquisition. Otherwise, if the cost of the fixed assets “hangs” on account 01 along with incoming VAT, then the tax should be calculated differently:

Where:
S – the sum of the residual value with commissioning costs

Property tax is calculated on the basis of accounts 01 (“Fixed Assets”) and 03 (“Income Investments”), based on articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory documents.

The tax base is the residual value of the object, equal to the original cost plus the costs of putting it into operation minus depreciation made by the actual owner (not the former).

Since the beginning of 2013, accounting for property taxes involves accrual exclusively on real estate items related to fixed assets.

Documentation of transactions with fixed assets

Accounting for fixed assets is based on primary documents and acts. They can be carried out on electronic or paper media in any form, in compliance with the required details. Instructions for accounting - Resolution of the State Committee on Statistics of the Russian Federation No. 7 of January 21, 2003.

Approved forms for primary accounting, to which additions can be made, are listed in the table:

Accounting statements for fixed assets

During the entire period of use of the OS, all actions performed with it are covered by reporting. The accounting documents in which it is maintained are listed in the table:

Orders relating to fixed assets

Due to the importance of fixed assets for each enterprise (they form the basis of its financial solvency), all actions with them (write-off, conservation, inventory, modernization, etc.) are formalized by orders of the organization’s top manager. They are completed on standard forms (additions are allowed). It is necessary to indicate the reason for this or that action (justification) and other details provided by the form.

Each of the orders is recorded in the INV-23 journal.

Sample order for fixed assets, in this case their inventory:

Download

Members of the inventory commission can be listed in the text of the document indicating their full names and positions or appointed by a separate order.

A sample order for the creation of a commission for the inventory of OS can be downloaded from the link:

Download

Title documents

Documents for the purchase of fixed assets are, as a rule, stored not in the accounting department, but with the chief lawyer, but they are also related to accounting. This is confirmation of the legal ownership of the OS.

For example, a purchase and sale agreement looks like this:

Download

An enterprise can also own property on the basis of agreements of gratuitous transfer, exchange and other title documents.

Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets

The procedure for accounting for fixed assets is regulated by the fundamental document - “Methodological guidelines for accounting of fixed assets”, approved by Order No. 91n of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 2003.

In addition, internal standards of the enterprise are also practiced, established within the limits of legislative restrictions. In particular, the accounting policy is determined by a special order, which once and for all (as long as the organization exists) specifies the rules for accounting, tax and financial reporting.

According to Article 1 of the Accounting Law, accounting policies are the principles, methods and procedures used by an enterprise in the process of preparing financial statements.

The order on accounting policy reflects not only the organization of accounting, but also the rules of accounting assessment.

The internal regulations also include the job description of the accountant for accounting of fixed assets (if such a position is provided for in the staffing table) or the chief accountant.

Conclusion

Tax accounting differs from accounting in its tasks, legal basis and some procedural issues.

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