Radical social movements 1860 1870 presentation. Presentation for a history lesson on the topic “Social movements of the second half of the 19th century. Radical movements. Main directions of social thought

Slide 2

1.Goals and composition of the radical movement.

In the post-reform period in Russia there has been a rise in revolutionary sentiment. A revolutionary is a supporter of radical changes in the state and social structure by force. Reasons for the growth of revolutionary sentiment: dissatisfaction with the results of the peasant reform; slowness and indecisiveness of the government in implementing reforms; inconsistency in the policies of Alexander II; the hopes of radically minded representatives of society for tangible changes were not justified.

Slide 3

Participants in the revolutionary movement: Raznochintsy - an inter-class group, “people of different ranks and ranks”, people from the clergy, merchants, petty bourgeoisie, peasantry, petty bureaucrats and impoverished nobility, who received an education and broke away from their previous social environment. The formation of the raznochinsky layer was due to the development of capitalism, which caused a great demand for specialists in mental work. With the fall of serfdom, they became the main social stratum for the formation of the intelligentsia. The social composition of the participants in the revolutionary movement was such precisely because they were educated people, familiar with the existence of other, more democratic government systems, who realized the need for change in Russia.

Slide 4

2.Attitude towards peasant reform.

“The old serfdom has been replaced by a new one. In general, serfdom has not been abolished. The people have been deceived by the tsar.” (assessment of the peasant reform from an article by N.P. Ogarev, published in the magazine “Bell”) How do you understand the words of N.P. Ogareva? What was meant by the words “new serfdom”? (the peasant actually did not receive the freedom promised to him: he still remained dependent on the landowner, connected with him by a system of labor, was enmeshed in redemption payments, and did not have enough land)

Slide 5

3.Ideas N.G. Chernyshevsky.

The ideological leader of the revolutionary movement of the late 1850s - early 1860s. was N.G. Chernyshevsky N.G. Chernyshevsky. In his articles, he advocated a peasant revolution, developed the ideas of A.I. Herzen. (The basis for the establishment of socialism in Russia should be the peasant community with its distribution of land among its members and collective decision-making at a secular gathering. Russia will come to socialism, bypassing capitalism, through the peasant community. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the development of capitalism and the emergence of the proletariat, and extend peasant self-government to cities and the state as a whole. However, it is first necessary to free the peasants and give the entire population equal democratic rights). In August 1861, the third department received the proclamation “Bow to the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.” It explained in an accessible form the predatory nature of the reform. It convinced the peasants not to trust the tsar and to prepare for an organized uprising. Suspicion of authorship fell on N.G. Chernyshevsky. He was arrested and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he spent about two years and wrote the novel “What is to be done?” In 1864, after the rite of civil execution, he was exiled to serve hard labor in Siberia. N.G. Chernyshevsky A.I. Herzen

Slide 6

4. “Land and Freedom” 1861 - 1864 1861 - creation of the first secret revolutionary organization - “Land and Freedom”. Based on the name of the organization, guess what its goals were?

1. What goals did the organization “Land and Freedom” set for itself? 2. What is a people’s assembly?) 3. What kind of political system did the participants of “Land and Freedom” intend to establish? 4. What methods did you plan to use to achieve your goals? 5. Why was the start of the peasant uprising expected in 1863? Hopes for a peasant uprising did not materialize and in 1864 the organization decided to dissolve itself.

Conservatives (Pobedonostsev, Katkov, Tolstoy)
Moskovskie Vedomosti magazine
Within the ideological framework of the theory
"official nationality"
Requirements: preservation of autocracy,
landownership,
curtailment of reforms,
for a patriarchal way of life.
ideas of pan-Slavism in foreign policy

Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov (1818-1887) - editor of Moskovskie Vedomosti

liberals

Radicals (revolutionaries)

Reasons for the spread of radical ideas

Basic ideas of populism

Ideologists of populism

Revolutionary organizations

Revolutionary circles of the 1860s.

Government response

Government response

LESSON SUMMARY

Radical social movements of the 1860s - early 80s.

(General History, 8th grade)

MBOU secondary school No. 1

Volodarsk

Baronenko Elena Yurievna

Radical social movements of the 1870s - early 80s.

(§ 26. Revolutionary populism of the second half of the 60s - early 80s.)

Lesson objectives:

Continue studying the radical movement.

Find out the reasons for the transition to terrorism as a method of fighting power, show the danger and

the feasibility of this method.

Develop skills in working with documents, analyze illustrations from a historical point of view

paintings, the ability to pose and solve problems, define and explain concepts, highlight the main thing, systematize the material.

Lesson plan.

I. Updating the topic “Radical social movements of the 1860s – early 70s.” § 25."

II. Studying the lesson material.

1. “Walking among the people.”

2. “Land and Freedom” of the 70s.

3. "People's Will" and "Black Limit".

III. Reflection.

Working with reproductions of paintings by I.E. Repina. “The populist cycle of paintings by I.E. Repin"

IV. Homework.

Terms: revolutionary, “Walking to the People”, populism (three movements: rebellious, propaganda, conspiratorial), “Land and Freedom”, “People’s Will”, “Black Redistribution”.

Equipment and materials:

Computer, multimedia projector.

Lesson materials in PowerPoint.

I. Updating the topic “Radical social movements of the 1860s – early 70s.” "

1).Complete the task. Imagine yourself as a revolutionary - a populist. What tactics would you choose and what would you tell the peasants?

2) Find the correct match.

Answer: 1 – B; 2 – A; 3 – B.

II. Studying the lesson material.

1. “Walking among the people.”

The first major action of revolutionary populism was the mass “going to the people.”

1874 – 1875 - “going to the people.”

Several thousand propagandists took part in this movement. These were mainly student youth, inspired by Bakunin’s idea of ​​​​the possibility of raising the people to a “general revolt.” The impetus for this campaign was the severe famine of 1873–1874. Propagandists scattered throughout Russia and talked to the peasants about revolution and socialism in the hope of rousing them to revolt.

***Can you imagine how effective this tactic was?

This tactic was not effective:

The peasants perceived those who came to them as a “bar”;

In a village where everyone knows each other, those who came were looked at with caution and distrust;

The speech of those who came was often incomprehensible; words that all property would be shared were heard

with ironic grins;

Although the conversations about the lack of land and the severity of redemption payments were close and understandable to the peasants.

“A friend and I are walking along the road. A man on the firewood is catching up with us. I began to explain to him that taxes should not be paid, that officials were robbing the people, and that according to the scripture, it was necessary to rebel. The man whipped the horse, but we also increased our pace. He began to jog his horse. But we ran after him, and all the time I continued to explain to him about taxes and rebellion. Finally, the man let his horse gallop, but the horse was crappy, so we did not defend the sleigh and propagandized the peasant until we were completely out of breath.” ( Sergei Kravchinsky. From the memoirs of P.A. Kropotkin)

Going among the people quite soon gave rise to the idea of ​​the need to establish settlements in the villages. Populists - propagandists settled in the villages, taking the places of volost clerks, teachers, paramedics, tried to conduct conversations about the everyday, urgent needs of the peasantry, gradually instilling in them their ideas in an accessible form. However, this method of action did not bring tangible results, since the thesis that the peasant by nature was a socialist and rebel was not confirmed; the peasants turned out to be owners, and quite conservative ones at that.

The failure of “going to the people” forced the populists to think about revising their tactics. The idea arose of creating a centralized, clandestine revolutionary organization with a clear structure and developed program.

2. “Land and Freedom” of the 70s.

Disagreements among members of “land and freedom” on issues of tactics led to its split. Some were staunch supporters of the terrorist struggle. Others condemned the tactics of terror and saw in it a political struggle that contradicted the original program guidelines, pointing out the ineffectiveness of such tactics (the murdered sovereign would be replaced by a new one).

In 1879, “Land and Freedom” split.

3. "People's Will" and "Black Limit".

***Conversation on questions to the table.

What was common in the programs and methods of struggle of “Narodnaya Volya” and “Black Reach”?

(Establishment of socialism, a society of universal equality and justice; propaganda and agitation activities.)

What can you say based on this table about trends in revolutionary development?

(The process of splitting the revolutionary movement and its radicalization.)

Why do you think the revolutionaries turned to terror tactics?

(All previous methods of struggle did not bring tangible results. Terror tactics had a very strong psychological effect on society; it seemed that she could eliminate the government, disorganize it. The government will become weak and easy to fight.)

The main task of Narodnaya Volya was to prepare an assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II.

Assassination attempts have been made since 1866, when D.V. Karakozov shot at Alexander II during the emperor’s walk in the Summer Garden. The bullet flew past because the man who was next to Karakozov managed to push him.

In July 1878, in Lipetsk, active members of the Land and Freedom group sentenced Alexander II to death. They were sincerely convinced that a successful assassination attempt on the Tsar would serve as a signal for a peasant revolution.

People's Volunteers decided to organize an assassination attempt on the Tsar upon his return from Crimea to St. Petersburg in November 1879. The first group - M. Frolenko and T. Lebedeva - got a job as railway guards near Odessa. The train did not proceed through Odessa, but to Aleksandrovsk. The second group, led by A. Zhelyabov, planted a bomb as the royal train passed, but the bomb did not explode. The third group, led by S. Perovskaya, prepared an undermining of the railway track seven kilometers from Moscow, but the wrong train was blown up.

Winter 1879-1980 Narodnaya Volya began preparing a new assassination attempt - an explosion in the Winter Palace. S. Khalturin got a job as a cabinetmaker in the palace and brought a little dynamite there every day. The explosion was scheduled for the day when the entire imperial family was supposed to gather for lunch. The start of lunch was moved to a later time. During the explosion, only the guards and servants were injured: 10 people were killed, 53 were injured.

A new explosion was planned on the road along which the Tsar’s carriage followed from the railway station to the Winter Palace. A. Zhelyabov prepared the operation. Alexander was under daily surveillance and his travel routes were investigated. At the end of February 1881, Zhelyabov was arrested.

March 1 1881 Alexander II went to withdraw troops from the Mikhailovsky Castle. Bomb throwers were placed along the entire possible route of the royal carriage. The Emperor was mortally wounded by a bomb thrown by I. Grenevitsky, who also died. Nine hours after the explosion, the king died.

Almost all members of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya were arrested. A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya, A.D. Mikhailov, N.I. Kibalchich, N.I. Rysakov, who prepared the assassination attempt, were hanged in April 1881.

The regicide did not mark the beginning of the peasant revolution. The people were stunned by the daring murder of the emperor; Alexander II was pitied in the villages. The populist movement has reached a dead end.

III. Reflection.

***Remember the three trends in revolutionary populism and indicate at what stage the revolutionaries turn to each of these trends.

1. What is shown in the picture?

2. What is happening in the picture?

"Gathering" (1883).

1. Where does the meeting take place?

1. Where does the film take place?

2. Who is the prisoner?

“We Didn’t Expect” (1884).

IV. Homework.

2. Complete the task.

If you were in the place of the populists, what kind of posters would you draw: a) calling on the peasants to revolution; b) calling on young people to join the people?

If you don't like "being a populist", then imagine yourself as their political opponent and offer posters criticizing populism.

Find the correct match.

***Working with reproductions of paintings by I.E. Repina. “The populist cycle of paintings by I.E. Repin"

“On a Dirt Road” or “Under Escort” (1877).

1. What is shown in the picture?

2. Reconstruct the story of the man who is now being transported under escort.

3. Predict what awaits him in the near future.

4. For what purpose do you think Repin painted this picture? Pay attention to its year of creation and its place in the cycle of paintings dedicated to populist themes.

"Arrest of the Propagandist" (1880-1892).

1. Where does the film take place?

2. What is happening in the picture?

3. Who, in your opinion, is the main protagonist of the film, the propagandist? Policemen? Peasants? What visual means is this emphasized? Whose side does Repin's sympathies lie on?

4. How do the peasants feel about what is happening? How can one explain such an attitude towards a walker among the people?

5. Based on the plot of the film, can we guess how the police found out about the propagandist?

6. Are there people in the picture who sympathize with the propagandist and, perhaps, are ready to continue his work?

"Gathering" (1883).

1. Where does the meeting take place?

2. Under what conditions does it take place? Why is that?

3. Who gathered for the meeting? What strata of Russian society do those gathered belong to?

4. What issue do you think the audience is discussing?

"Refusal of Confession" (1879-1885).

1. Where does the film take place?

2. Who is the prisoner?

3. For what purpose did the priest enter the cell?

4. Is it possible, without knowing the title of the painting, to determine how the prisoner feels about the priest? What does he answer?

5. Why was the painting not included in the traveling exhibition of 1884?

“We Didn’t Expect” (1884).

1. Who is depicted in the picture? What's happening?

2. To what stratum of society does the family depicted in the picture belong?

3. What can we assume about the fate of the person entering the room? Where do you think he came back from?

4. What attitude towards him is expressed on the faces of each of those present?

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Slide captions:

Preview:

Radical social movements of the 1860s - early 70s. § 25.

Lesson objectives:

1. To introduce students to the ideas of the radical social movement of the 60-70s. and their development.
2. Find out the reasons for the widespread development of the radical revolutionary movement.
3. Develop skills in working with documents, the ability to pose and solve problems, define and explain concepts, highlight the main thing, and systematize the material.

Lesson plan.

3.Ideas N.G. Chernyshevsky.

4. “Land and Freedom” of the 60s.

III. Reflection.

IV. Homework.

Terms: revolutionary, “Walking among the people”, populism (three movements: rebellious, propaganda, conspiratorial), “Land and Freedom”.

Equipment and materials:

Computer, multimedia projector.

Lesson materials in PowerPoint.

Portraits of N.G. Chernyshevsky, M.A. Bakunina, P.L. Lavrova, P.N. Tkachev.

I. Updating the topic “Liberal and conservative social movements in the 60-70s.”

Questions and tasks after § 24.

II. Studying the lesson material.

1.Goals and composition of the radical movement.

In the post-reform period in Russia there has been a rise in revolutionary sentiment.

Revolutionary – a supporter of radical changes in the state and social structure by force.

Reasons for the growth of revolutionary sentiments:

1. dissatisfaction with the results of the peasant reform;
2. slowness and indecisiveness of the government in implementing reforms;
3. inconsistency in the policies of Alexander II;
4. the hopes of radically minded representatives of society for tangible changes were not justified.

Participants of the revolutionary movement:

The social composition of the participants in the revolutionary movement was such precisely because they were educated people, familiar with the existence of other, more democratic government systems, who realized the need for change in Russia.

Raznochintsy – interclass group, “people of different ranks and titles”, people from the clergy, merchant class, philistinism, peasantry, petty bureaucracy and impoverished nobility, who received an education and broke away from their former social environment. The formation of the raznochinsky layer was due to the development of capitalism, which caused a great demand for specialists in mental work. With the fall of serfdom, they became the main social stratum for the formation of the intelligentsia.

2.Attitude towards peasant reform.

Working with a document.

“The old serfdom has been replaced by a new one. In general, serfdom has not been abolished. The people have been deceived by the king.” (assessment of peasant reform from an article by N.P. Ogarev, published in the magazine “Bell”)

1. How do you understand the words of N.P. Ogareva? What was meant by the words “new serfdom”?

(the peasant actually did not receive the freedom promised to him: he still remained dependent on the landowner, connected with him by a system of labor, was enmeshed in redemption payments, and did not have enough land)

3.Ideas N.G. Chernyshevsky.

The ideological leader of the revolutionary movement of the late 1850s - early 1860s. wasN.G. Chernyshevsky. In his articles he spokefor the peasant revolution, developed the ideas of A.I. Herzen. ( The basis for the establishment of socialism in Russia should be the peasant community with its distribution of land among its members and collective decision-making at a secular gathering. Russia will come to socialism, bypassing capitalism, through the peasant community. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the development of capitalism and the emergence of the proletariat, and to extend peasant self-government to cities and the state as a whole. However, first it is necessary to free the peasants and give the entire population equal democratic rights).

In August 1861, the third department received the proclamation “Bow to the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.” It explained in an accessible form the predatory nature of the reform. It convinced the peasants not to trust the tsar and to prepare for an organized uprising. Suspicion of authorship fell on N.G. Chernyshevsky. He was arrested and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he spent about two years and wrote the novel “What is to be done?” In 1864, after the rite of civil execution, he was exiled to serve hard labor in Siberia.

4. “Land and Freedom” of the 60s.

1861 - creation of the first secret revolutionary organization - “Land and Freedom”.

1. Based on the name of the organization, guess what its goals were?

"Land and Freedom" of the 1860s.

Conversation on the table.

1. What goals did the organization “Land and Freedom” set for itself?

2. What is a national assembly? (elective representative body)

3. What kind of political system did the participants of “Land and Freedom” intend to establish? (democratic republic)

4. What methods did you plan to use to achieve your goals?

5. Why was the start of the peasant uprising expected in 1863? (textbook, p. 159 – the deadline for signing charter documents was ending; the peasants began their transition to ransom)

Hopes for a peasant uprising did not materialize and in 1864 the organization decided to dissolve itself.

Based on the ideas of communal socialism of Herzen and Chernyshevsky, a new political movement of the Russian radical intelligentsia is being formed.

5.Revolutionary populism.

Populism - a political movement of the Russian radical intelligentsia, which considered the people, the peasantry as a real political force and sought to make this force conscious and organized.

Currents of revolutionary populism

6. Populist organizations of the 2nd half of the 60s - early 70s.

III. Reflection.

Answer: 1 – G; 2 – B; 3 – A; 4 – D; 5 B.

IV. Homework.

Complete the task. Imagine yourself as a revolutionary - a populist. What tactics would you choose and what would you tell the peasants?

Literature.

Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. Russian history. XIX century. 8th grade. M., Education, 2003.

Kolganova E.V., Sumakova N.V. Lesson developments on the history of Russia. XIX century. 8th grade. M., VAKO, 2004.

Find the correct match.

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